SPORTS, RECREATION AND EXERCISE COACHING ACT
A PROPOSED AMENDMENT TO CURRENT STATE AND FEDERAL CHILD PROTECTION PUBLIC LAWS FOR THE ENACTMENT OF A COACHING LISCENSE FOR COACHES OF CHILDREN WHO PARTICIPATE IN SRE.
AN ALTERNATIVE: NEW STATE AND FEDERAL LAWS.(posted first, December 9, 2011 by admin)
INTRODUCTION
The State Government oversees how you treat and raise your Child or Coach and train-up other Children. The “Parens Patriae” Doctrine (government is “Parent of the Nation”) Grants Power to State to protect Children (<18)
.
The Tripartite Legal Relationship is the Coach-Caretaker + Child-Athlete + State:
Coach-Caretaker. The Coach can coach Children, Providing Coach-Caretaker complies with Special Standards of Child Care: Federal: Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act 2010 Public Law 111-320. Mandated to 50 States.
Government is the first in the line of responsibility for Child Safety and should Teach Child Protection Law to keep Children Safe and Coaches out of Legal trouble.
“No Sport is a Kingdom unto its own”. “No one is above the Law.” former Secretary of State, Condeleezza Rice. [42.]
CHILD PROTECTION LAWS:
1. Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, the first enacted Child Protection Law in 1974. CAPTA has been amended several times. The most recent amendments were in 2003 and 2010
2. Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003. Public Law 108-36.
3. Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) Reauthorization Act of 2010, Public Law 111-320,
• “Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (1974) as Amended by Public Law. 111-320, the CAPTA Reauthorization Act of 2010 contains Section 206. entitled PERFORMANCE MEASURES. [42 U.S.C. 5116f].
Under Performance Measures, states receiving a grant under this title
— 1. Shall demonstrate effective development, operation, and expansion of a community-based and prevention-focused programs and activities designed to strengthen and support families to prevent child abuse and neglect that MEETS THE REQUIREMENT OF THIS FEDERAL TITLE.
— 7. shall describe the outcomes under the State program to demonstrate the effectiveness in meeting the purposes of the program;”
In other words when states accept Federal Grant Money for Child Abuses Prevention, and are mandated the states SHALL follow Federal Guidelines.
• State Child Protection Laws exist in all 50 states. All states accept Federal Grant Money for Child Abuses Prevention.
Thus, State Laws must MEET THE REQUIREMENT OF THIS TITLE, Public Law. 111-320, the CAPTA Reauthorization Act of 2010. For example, Kentucky Child and Youth Protection Law: Kentucky Unified Code KRS 600-645. Juvenile/Family Court has exclusive jurisdiction for Child Abuse.
A teaching credential, sometimes called a teaching certificate, is the license conferred by a state to teachers who have completed certain state mandated requirements for teaching certification; such as education courses and passed state mandated teaching examinations. [58.] All 50 States and the District of Columbia require public school teachers to be licensed.[59.]
Amateur volunteer and employed, compensated and non-compensated, school and non-school Coaches of Children teach and instruct classrooms of potentially dangerous physical contact and collisions that frequently occur. School Teaching Cerfificates and licenses hardly certifiy Coaches for SRE Child Participations.
Anyone who is Responsible for Child Safety, Care, Welfare, Injury and/or Disease Management, even if it is only for the referral to the proper Medical Personnel, particularly when that person(s) has Temporary Substitute Custody and Control of the Child, should be Licensed by the state.
All Professions and Occupations, who care for, teach and mentor susceptible, vulnerable populations, such as patients, school children and Athletes, have a unique Responsibility that accompanies their Power Position.
Coaches, Teachers, Doctors, Athletic Trainers and Nurses are prime examples among many others.
The potential for Accidents, Catastrophic Injuries and Deaths are substantial for Coaches, Para-medical and Medical professionals because of the populations for whom they care and their legal duty to Children and Youth. Close oversight is necessary.
The Coach Jerry Sandusky-Penn State Football Child Athlete Sex Abuse Scandal, resulting from the Grand Jury indictment November, 2012, has raised many questions.
Before retirement, “Sandusky was regarded as an integral part of Penn State’s football success, which galvanized the most disparate corners of the state and turned the university’s athletics officials into power brokers. Nittany Lions games regularly have capacity crowds in excess of 107,000, and the football program generates more than $70 million in revenue annually, according to Forbes magazine.” [43.]
Immediately, the underbelly of this and other Sports Scandals appears. The enormous popularity of Sports and vast revenue generated are the reasons for some Sport Communities’ Dysfunctional Behaviors.
The “Bottom Line” is persistent and pervasive. Publication in Forbes magazine speaks volumes since the Mission Statement says, Forbes Magazine publishes “information resources for the world’s business leaders.” Yes. Amateur Sports are about business, not Athletes.
Sports have evolved into “Business Centered Activities” not “Child and Youth Centered Sports”. It appears some in the “Sports Business” have turned a “Blind Eye” to unlawful Child Abuse Behavior by Powerful Coach Offenders, while protecting their “Bottom Lines”.
The dark side of the scandal was that “Sandusky hosted many summer football camps at The Second Mile, a children’s charity he founded in State College, Pennsylvania in 1977.” [20.]
Children who were allegedly Sexually Abused were aspiring Child Football Athletes, underage minors, who attended Football Summer Camp at the Second Mile.
And, Dec. 8, 2011 Former Syracuse University assistant men’s basketball coach Bernie Fine was sued by a man alleging he was sexually abused as a 13-year-old in a Pittsburgh hotel room. [47.]
Again, Dec 10, 2011 Memphis police opened an investigation into sexual abuse allegations against AAU, Amateur Athletic Union, President Bobby Dodd that date to the 1980s.
The AAU, one of the biggest U.S. nonprofit volunteer sports organizations, develops amateur sports and physical fitness programs for athletes of all ages, was founded in 1888. [48.]
The above are allegations and have not been tried in the court of Law.
To begin the discussion about The Proposed Child Athlete Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act Amendment, Questions are raised from the following statements of fact:
• “There are No federal laws that require Coaching Education or Certification.”
• “ Only 4% of States require a Coaching License”
• “Only 24% require state certification.” [32.]
The Etymology of “Parens Patriae” is from Latin meaning “Parent of the Nation”. This doctrine grants the inherent power and authority of the state to protect minor Children age less than 18 and other persons who are legally unable to protect themselves.
The “Parens Patriae” doctrine is a Special Standard of Care for Children.
In the United States, the “Parens Patriae” doctrine is most often applied to the treatment of children.
The state is the “Supreme Guardian” of all children within its jurisdiction and state courts have the inherent power to intervene to protect the Best Interests of Children. This inherent power is legalized and Offenders of Children are criminalized by legislative Laws that describe the extent of child protection in a state
The basis for government’s intervention in child physical and psychological maltreatment and endangerment, sexual abuse and Human Rights violations are based in the concept of “Parens Patriae”.
Legally, “Parens Patriae” refers to the public policy and power of the state to intervene against an abusive or negligent parent, legal guardian or caretaker, and to act as the caretaker of any child or individual who is in need of protection.
“Parens Patriae” asserts that government has a role in protecting the interests of children and in intervening when parents and other caretakers fail to provide proper Child Care.
While it has long been recognized that parents have a fundamental liberty, protected by the Constitution, to raise their children as they choose, they must do so according to the standards of Law.
If parents, guardians and caretakers are unable, unwilling or fail to protect or properly supervise their Children and fail perform this responsibility, the State in which they reside has the power and authority to take action to protect the child from harm. [46.]
The legal framework regarding the parent-child-state tripartite relationship balances the rights and responsibilities among the parents, the child, and the State, as guided by Federal statutes, The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Reauthorization Act of 2010, Public Law 111-320, first enacted in 1974 and amended several times since then.
This special standard of care applies to children. This parent-child-state relationship identifies certain rights, duties, and obligations, including the responsibility of the parents to protect the child’s safety and wellbeing. [20.]
Parents are not required to secure the legal right, permit or license to make decisions by virtue of their name listed on their child’s birth certificate. The Birth Certificate is essentially the Parents’ Child Caretaker License. [20.]
There is a Special Standard of Care for Child and Youth. Every child should expect to be safe and protected when in the care of their Caretaker, who are either:
• Parents
• Legal Custodians or Guardians
• or another Adult who has been entrusted-with
• or another Adult who voluntarily assumed the responsibility for the care of a Child.
• or a Person who stands in a position of trust and confidence for a Child’s Protection, Supervision, Safety and Caretaker.
The same tripartite relationship exists between Coach-Child Athlete-State. The Coach stands in a almighty powerful position for Protection, Supervision, Safety and Caretaker of the Child and Youth Athlete.
Government Licenses are issued by the administrative agencies of local, state, and federal lawmaking bodies. Administrative agencies are established by legislative bodies to regulate specific government activities and concerns. Children’s Protection, Supervision, Safety, Well Being and Child Care are specific Federal and State Government concerns.
Government Licenses are an important and ever-present feature of our contemporary society. Federal, state, and local governments rely on licensing to control a broad range of human activity particularly for potentially dangerous activities and particularly activities in potentially dangerous environments. Sports are a potential example of both dangerous activities and dangerous environments.
There are many professionals and activities that require a license issued by a government authority. Activity examples in Kentucky that require a license (same for most states):
• Health Care Professionals, Medical Doctors, Nurses
• Athletic Trainers
• Attorney Law Practice
• Public Services
• Child Day Care Facility
• Residential Child Caring Facility
• Child-Placing Agency
• Certified Child care Home [44.]
“Most licenses expire after a certain period of time, and most can be renewed. Failure to abide by certain laws and regulations can result in suspension or revocation of a license.”
“The licensing process helps to control activity in a variety of ways. License application procedures allow government authorities to screen applicants to verify that they are fit to engage in the particular activity. Before any license is issued by an agency or State Board, the applicant must meet certain standards.”
“Requiring a license for a certain activity allows the government to closely supervise and control the activity. The agency responsible for issuing the license can control the number of licensees.”
“A license is not a property right, which means that no one has the absolute right to a license. The government may decline to issue a license when it sees fit to do so, provided that the denial does not violate federal or state law. No agency may decline to issue a license on the basis of race, religion, sex, national origin, or ethnic background.”
All Doctors, Nurses, Trainers who are allowed by law to care for the Health and Welfare of Athletes are state licensed. Parents are likewise state licensed for Child Protection and Proper Supervision of their children by Birth Certificates and Guardians by Court Orders.
Anyone who has mandated Child Protection and Proper Supervision Responsibilities, like Extracurricular Coaches, should be state licensed.
The American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement for Child and Youth Sports Participation says that organized Sports can have many positive benefits for Child and Youth Athletes Provided adjustments are made in Sports when Sports, Recreation and Exercise (SRE):
• Provide a greater opportunity to develop rules specifically designed for health and safety of Children and Youth.
• Allow for the establishment of developmentally sound criteria for determining readiness for children and youth to participate in Sports.
• Allow for a fair process and enforcing rules. Rules specifically targeted at younger athletes can reduce injuries. Recommendations have been made to limit dangerous practices
• Safety accommodations associated with organized youth sports include many recommendations for the Sport Environment.
• The availability of Qualified Coaches in organized sports can be a key factor in providing safety and a positive experience
• Because most youth sports coaches are volunteers with little or no formal training in child development, they cannot be expected to correctly match demands of a sport with a child’s readiness to participate.
• Educational programs are available for Youth Sports Coaches, but most coaches do not participate.
• Coaches may try to teach what often cannot be learned and blame resulting failures on shortcomings of athletes
• Pediatricians can further advocate safe sports participation by promoting better education and training of youth sports coaches.
• Standards for coaching competency are available and certification for youth sports coaches should address these competencies. [50.]
• Pediatricians can work with sports administrators and coaches within their community and share relevant information on child development, injury assessment, first aid, and injury prevention. and take an active role in developing safety programs while ensuring that existing safety measures are observed [49.]
Coaching Certification Courses are offered by many schools. The United States Sports Academy, for example, offers Coaching Certification Courses. Certification of Coaches will enhance their qualifications for a State Coaching License.
U.S. High School Athletic Associations (HSAA) oversee ~24 %, 11,000,000 of School and Non-School Child Athletes (<18yrs) .
That leaves 34,000.000 Child Athletes in Grade School, Middle School, JV Teams, summer leagues, Church leagues, Swimming, Cheerleading Camp etc. that are not administered by HSAAs and don’t have comparable HSAA oversight and Safety laws that have been enacted by the Legislative Branch of State Governments.
Child Athlete Abuse Syndrome (CAAS) Education is seldom educated or mentioned in School and Non-School Sports. Licensure would significantly reduce sexual abuse and other abuse cases such as heat stroke, rhabdomyolysis, overuse injuries, post-traumatic stress disorder etc that are inflicted, caused or created on our Child and Youth Athletes.
The Definition of the Standard of Care for a Child requires that a Child must have:
• Proper Child Custodial Protection
• Proper Child Supervision
• Child Safety
• Child Health and Well Being
• Protection from Abuse and other forms of Violence
• Protection from Neglect. The Definition of Neglect is “any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caregiver, which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm,” [36.][45.]
SRE are not above the Law. College Football is not a closed society, resistant to outside intervention when Crimes occur. College Football and all SRE are not impervious to the Rules of Law. Even Colleges have minor aged Athletes.
“College Football is not a kingdom unto its own,” said Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice [46.]
A Coaching License or Coaching Credential is not a mandatory requirement in most states. “Similarly, the majority of states (59%) do not use a specific term to refer to the Coaching Credential. States label specific preparation as a certification (24%), endorsement (10%), authorization (4%), license (4%), and pupil activity supervisor permit (2%).” [32.]
2007-2008 standards were used to generate state Coaching requirement profiles. Each state profile is composed of 15 items.
• “The majority of states (51%) do not use a specific term to refer to Coaches without a teaching credential.”
For those states who use a descriptive term, “there are a variety of terms used to describe the Coach without a teaching credential. The most frequently cited terms include non-faculty coach (10%), non-teaching coach (8%), noncertified coach (6%), volunteer coach (4%), and Level I/II coach (4%).”
“Other terms cited less frequently include aide, authorized coach, community coach, emergency coach, lay coach, paraprofessional coach, registered coach, walk on coach, and coach not licensed to teach (all 2%).”
• 43% of states require coaches to have a teaching credential.
• 84% of states have a coaching education requirement.
• There are two states in the nation that require prospective coaches to have a teaching credential and complete coaching education without adjustments
• The most commonly identified content areas for coaching education are a fundamentals of coaching course, first aid course, CPR training, and sport rules training.
• 75% of States permit coaches to satisfy coaching education requirements through the NFHS Coaches Education Program, American Sport Education Program (31%), Program for Athletic Coaches Education (PACE, 4%), Liability, Nutrition, and Sportsmanship Education (LANSE, 2%), or “equivalent” program (55%). Coaches are encouraged to complete undergraduate or graduate degree program coursework (45%), as well as participate in activities association (49 %) or local agency
• There is considerable variation in the allowable timeframe to complete coaching education
• 61% of states do not have any currency / recertification requirements..
• One of the 15 items was Legislative Issues where Child Protection, Supervision and Safety were to be found.
The Legislative Issues were:
1. 51% of states do not report any requirements to fulfill legislative mandates.
2. 49% may inconsistently require Legislative Mandates. Legislative mandates are specified in this section of the profile.
3. 45% The most frequently cited mandates include background check and fingerprinting
4. Only 20% mention Child Abuse Recognition Training
5. Health screening/tuberculosis test (14%)
6. Sports integrity and character training (14%)
7. Drug education (12%)
8. Moral character form (8%)
9. The remaining states vary in whether legislative obligations are required or recommended.
The Citizenship Through Sports Alliance (CTSA) published the Report Card on Youth Sport in America (2005). It identified basic measures essential to a positive, child-centered youth sport experience. CTSA assigned “grades” in multiple categories for interscholastic and youth sport programs.
“Notably, the Report Card indicated an unacceptable rating for sustaining an adequate pool of coaches who are trained in coaching techniques and safety. Clearly, there is a need to focus our attention on coaching preparation requirements.” [35.]
THE SPORTS, RECREATION AND EXERCISE (SRE) COACHING ACT.
STATE BOARD OF COACHING LICENSURE. Is to include:
• Coach Certification Education
• High School Education for Coach
• Coach Background Check including Finger Prints
• The Coach Should Have Played The Sport They Coach
• Human Growth and Development Education
COACH
• Crucial Child and Youth Athlete Protection and Safety Responsibility
• Child Protection and Supervision are mandatorily substituted for Parents and Guardians during extracurricular activities
• Authority over Child and Youth Athletes
• Accountability and Obligation to the Athletic Community
• Frame and Devise Athletic Culture for generations
• Enormous Power Gap that exists between Coach and Athlete
• Must be able to Recognize Child and Youth Athlete Emotional, Physical and Injury Conditions
• Serve as Para-Medical Trainers and make examination and treatment decisions when Health Care Providers are not available.
• Prominent, powerful Coaching profession where mistakes are damaging and costly to precious life.
• Certification alone is not sufficient and does not insure oversight by any governing body.
• 50% of Child and Youth Amateur Athletes participate in School Sports and 50% in Non-School Sports
• Non-School Amateur Child and Youth Athlete Sports participation has added Protection and Safety deficiencies
• Rules, Regulations and By-Laws of National and State Amateur School and Non-School leagues, federations and associations do not include the Rules for Child and Youth Protection Laws that have been enacted into Law.
• National and State Amateur School and Non-School leagues, federations and associations foster “Closed Sports Societies” that appear to want-to-be impervious to outside interference and the Rules of Law because Child Abuse Laws are not published to the Sport Culture and Athletic Community.
STATE BOARD OF COACHING LICENSURE
The State Coaching License, administered by The State Board of Coaching Licensure, would legally
• Proclaim, enforce and administrate its Licensure Authority
• Promote the Special Standard of Care for Child and Youth Athletes like Care for all other Children and Youth
• Prevent Child Athlete Abuse.
• Ensure that Child and Youth Athlete Care follows the Rules of Law not the Rules of Sport posturing as a Kingdom unto its own.
• Promulgate Child Protection and Supervision Laws
• Responsible for protecting Child and Youth Athletes by ensuring that only qualified Coaches are licensed to Coach in the state
• Initiate appropriate disciplinary action when violations of the Amateur Coaching Act occur.
• Refer any Unlawful Coaching Behaviors and Actions to the Child Protective Services and County Attorney when appropriate.
References:
1. [ZABERNISM, COACH/ATHLETE POWER GAP
http://www.cappaa.com/zabernism-the-coachathlete-power-gap]
2. [SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF CLASSES AND SCHOOLS1 by Susan Florio-Ruane 2]
3. [A State Analysis of High School Coaching Certification Requirements for Head Baseball Coaches Submitted by: Coop DeRenne, Ed.D., Charles F. Morgan, Ph.D., Ronald K. Hetzler, Ph.D. & Brad T. Taura, M.S.E.D. United States Sports Academy, ISSN: 1543-9518]
4. [YANERO v. DAVIS, Kentucky Supreme Court No. 1999-SC-0871-DG, 2000-SC-0347-DG, 2000-SC-0353-DG. November 21, 2001 ]
5. [Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn., 531 U.S. 288 (2001), United States Supreme Court case decided in 2001.]
6. [Concerning Iowa Hawkeye Jan. 2011 Epidemic Acute Rhabdomyolysis, David Klossner NCAA Health and Safety Director letter Feb. 2011]
7. What is the Rule of Law?, United Nations Rule of Law. Scretaty General of U.N.
8. [Wikipedia]
9. [Gilpin lawsuit will continue against coaches May 5, 2010 Jason Riley, Courier Journal]
10. [Football Coach Pleads Not Guilty In Player’s Death, Jason Stinson Charged With Reckless Homicide, By Ben Jackey/WLKY, January 26, 2009]
11. [Detective Testimony in the Criminal Trial of Coach Jason Stinson for the Death of Football Athlete, Max Gilpin]
12. [Prosecutors ask for JCPS report clearing Stinson be thrown outBy Lindsay English, (WAVE) - On July 1, 2009]
13. [Coach Jason Stinson, TV Interview about the book “Factors Unknown” by Rodney Daugherty, release 7-11-2011]
14. A Research Guide to the Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations
15. [SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, No. 99—901, BRENTWOOD ACADEMY, PETITIONER v. TENNESSEE SECONDARY SCHOOL ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION et al.]
16. [The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure]
17. [Preventing Injury in Sports Recreation and Exercise, CDC Injury Center, Sept 7, 2006in Sports, Recreation, and Exercise]
18. [”The IAAF Code of Ethics for Coaches” has been kindly provided by Peter J. L. Thompson of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF).]
19. [The Negative Effects of Youth Sports, Livestrong.com, Steve Silverman]
20. [Wikipedia]
21. [Calnan, Alan. 2003. A Revisionist History of Tort Law.]
22. [ABC WTVQ TV Lexington KY,Football Player’s Death Sparks New Heat Regulations, Wed, Aug 4, 2010]
23.[KENTUCKY BOARD OF EDUCATION REGULAR MEETING JUNE 9, 2010,SUMMARY MINUTES]
24. [It’s just football, Stinson case a learning experience, By Eric Crawford, The Courier-Journal, September 17, 2009]
25. [National Federation of State High School Athletic Association]
26. [Child Abuse Laws Child Abuse laws - Information on the law about Child Abuse]
27. [AN ACT relating to interscholastic athletics and declaring an emergency.
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky]:
Section 1. (1) The Kentucky High School Athletics Association, with assistance from the Kentucky Department of Education, shall staff and coordinate a study of sports safety to be completed no later than October 1, 2009.
(2) The study shall include a review of:
(a) The requirements and their adequacy for sports safety education in public middle and secondary schools, including heat-related and air quality issues, chronic and overuse injuries, and other risk factors;
(b) Required training programs for secondary school coaches, to include how training is certified to demonstrate knowledge and competencies of participants;
(c) Required first aid and medical assistance protocols or standards of care for students suffering minor and major injuries during practices and competitions;
(d) Data regarding sports injuries, by sport, in Kentucky and an examination of data reporting requirements and responsibilities for oversight when injuries occur;
(e) Education for high school coaches, volunteers, parents, and student athletes relating to nutrition, weight training, and the dangers of steroids and other illegal supplements;
(f) The availability of sports injury prevention programs and other safety resources; and
(g) Other information as deemed appropriate by the study group to fully examine the status of sports safety in Kentucky for high school students.
(3) The Association shall have a formal work group composed of:
(a) At least two (2) members of the Kentucky Board of Education, selected by the board chairman;
(b) At least two (2) representatives from the Kentucky Department of Education, selected by the commissioner of education;
(c) At least two (2) high school coaches selected by the Chair of the Board of Control;
(d) At least two (2) members from the Kentucky Medical Association, appointed by the executive director;
(e) At least three (3) certified sports trainers; and
(f) Others as deemed appropriate by the commissioner of education and the executive director of the Kentucky High School Athletics Association.
(4) The commissioner of education or designee and the executive director of the Kentucky High School Athletics Association shall identify the work group members within thirty (30) days of the effective date of this Act.
(5) The Association shall submit a written report to include findings and recommendations to the Interim Joint Committee on Education by October 30, 2009. The report shall include but not be limited to recommendations to improve the safety of students participating in high school athletics and any legislation that might be necessary to implement the recommendations.
SECTION 2. A NEW SECTION OF KRS CHAPTER 160 IS CREATED TO READ AS FOLLOWS:
(1) The Kentucky Board of Education or organization or agency designated by the board to manage interscholastic athletics shall require each high school coach to complete a sports safety course consisting of training on how to prevent common injuries. The content of the course shall include but not be limited to emergency planning, heat and cold illnesses, emergency recognition, head injuries, neck injuries, facial injuries, and principles of first aid. The course shall also be focused on safety education and shall not include coaching principles.
(2) The state board or its agency shall:
(a) Establish a minimum timeline for a coach to complete the course;
(b) Approve providers of a sports safety course;
(c) Be responsible for ensuring that an approved course is taught by qualified professionals who shall either be certified athletic trainers, registered nurses, physicians, or physician’s assistants licensed to practice in Kentucky; and
(d) Establish the minimum qualifying score for successful course completion.
(3) A course shall be reviewed for updates at least once every thirty (30) months and revised if needed.
(4) A course shall be able to be completed through hands-on or on-line teaching methods in ten (10) clock hours or less.
(5) (a) A course shall include an end-of-course examination with a minimum qualifying score for successful course completion established by the board or its agency.
(b) All coaches shall be required to take the end-of-course examination and shall obtain at least the minimum qualifying score.
(6) Beginning with the 2009-2010 school year, at least one (1) person who has completed the course shall be at every high school athletic practice and competition.
Section 3. Whereas there is no existing requirement for a medical professional to be on-site during high school athletic events and the safety of student athletes is sometimes compromised, an emergency is declared to exist and this Act takes effect upon its passage and approval by the Governor or upon its otherwise becoming a law.
28. [The 4 R’s of Coaching http://www.cappaa.com/the-4-rs-of-coaching]
29. [Prevent Cruelty to Young Athletes http://www.cappaa.com/prevent-cruelty-to-young-athletes]
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31. [Criminal Convictions and Medical Licensure, State medical boards, tend to follow social policy as expressed in U.S. law, which designates moral turpitude outside the clinic as a cause for restricting professional licenses., Herbert Rakatansky, MD, Virtual Mentor. October 2011, Volume 13, Number 10: 712-717. Policy Forum, American Medical Association Code of Medical Ethics’ Opinions on Physicians’ Health and Conduct, October 2011]
32. [Charlene R. Burgeson, Executive Director National Association for Sport and Physical Education, National Coaching Report 2008]
33. [National Federation of State High School Associations, 2007a]
34. [Sporting Goods Manufacturing Association, 2007]
35. [Citizenship Through Sports Alliance (CTSA) published the Report Card on Youth Sport in America 2005]
36. [Human Rights in Youth Sport, published December 2004, by Paulo David]
37. [“The Battered-Child Syndrome”, C. Henry Kempe, M.D.; Frederic N. Silverman, M.D.; Brandt F. Steele, M.D.; William Droegemueller, M.D. ; Henry K. Silver, M.D., JAMA. 1962;181(1):17-24.]
38. [Weekly World News, Jan 20, 1981, Health News]
39. [Read more at Suite101: The Athlete Abuse Summits report from Terry Zeigler:
http://terry-zeigler.suite101.com/child-athlete-abuse-syndrome–when-athletes-pay-the-price-a393385]
40. [Prevent Child Abuse Kentucky, http://www.pcaky.org/care.html]
41. [Numbers refer to the Treaty Section 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child]
42. [Plowlines, Coaches, Mules and 100 Yards of Cotton by Micheal B. Minix, SR., M.D.]
43. [A Reputation Lies in Tatters by Mark Viera, New York Times, November 7, 2011]
44. [Division of Regulated Child Care, KY Cabinet for Health and Family Services]
45. [CHILD ABUSE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT (CAPTA) REAUTHORIZATION ACT OF 2010 , THE CURRENT FEDERAL PUBLIC LAW 111-320.]
46. [West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. Copyright 2008 and Online Dictionary.]
47. [Bloomberg Business Week, Dec. 8, 2011 By Sophia Pearson and Phil Milford]
48. [AAU’s Dodd replaced as president after abuse probe opened 10 Dec 2011 Reuters- By Tim Ghianni]
49. [AAP, AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS PEDIATRICS Vol. 107 No. 6 June 2001, pp. 1459-1462 : Organized Sports for Children and Preadolescents. POLICY STATEMENT, Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness and Committee on School Health A statement of reaffirmation for this policy was published on September 1, 2007. This policy is a revision of the policy posted on September 1, 1989.]
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52. [Legal & Ethical Roles of a Sports Coach, eHow, By Christopher Cascio June 07, 2011]
53. [Robert Clyman, M.D., Executive Director, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center)
54. [Surgeon General’s Workshop Agenda, Making Prevention of Child Maltreatment a National Priority:Implementing Innovations of a Public Health Approach,National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, March 30–31, 2005]
55. [Women in Sports, Ed Barbara Drinkwater]
56. [Health of Young People, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland 1993] [Chapter: Health Problems and Behavior] [Chapter - Policies and legislation] [United Nations, Press Release, 05/11/2004]
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ALL FLORIDA CHILD DEATHS TO BE REVIEWED
May 27, 2012 by admin · Leave a Comment
MIAMI (AP) — May 26, 2012 Reporter: Associated Press
State of Florida Department of Children and Families will now allow the state Child Death Review Team to review all child deaths.
Department of Children and Families Secretary David Wilkins reversed the longstanding and controversial practice where the team was only able to review a fraction of child deaths.
There were 2,282 child deaths in Florida in 2010, but the state team was only allowed to review a fraction of those cases because only 136 were categorized as child abuse.
Decisions about whether to categorize a death as child abuse vary widely across the state.
_______end of article__________________
It appears that all Child deaths, even Child Athlete Deaths, will now be reviewed.
KILLER SUMMER HEAT REPORT: HEAT DEATH TOP 40 CITIES
May 27, 2012 by admin · Leave a Comment
WASHINGTON (May 23, 2012) — “More than 150,000 additional Americans could die by the end of this century due to excessive heat caused by climate change, according to a detailed analysis of peer-reviewed scientific data by the Natural Resources Defense Council.
“The ‘Killer Summer Heat’ report, released today, projects heat-related death toll through the end of the 21st century in the most populated U.S. cities. The three with the highest number of total estimated heat-related deaths through 2099 are: Louisville, KY (19,000 deaths); Detroit (17,900); and Cleveland (16,600), according to the report.
“Other cities’ estimated death tolls through the end of the century include: Baltimore (2,900 deaths); Boston (5,700 deaths); Chicago (6,400 deaths); Columbus (6,000 deaths); Denver (3,500 deaths); Los Angeles (1,200 deaths); Minneapolis (7,500 deaths); Philadelphia (700 deaths); Pittsburgh (1,200 deaths); Providence, R.I. (2,000 deaths); St. Louis (5,600 deaths); Washington, D.C. (3,000 deaths).
“The full report details are available online at http://www.nrdc.org/globalwarming/killer-heat/.
The projected deaths are based on the widely-used assumption that carbon pollution will steadily increase in the absence of effective new policies, more than doubling the levels seen today by the end of the century.
“This is a wake-up call. Climate change has a number of real life-and-death consequences. One of which is that as carbon pollution continues to grow, climate change is only going to increase the number of dangerously hot days each summer, leading to a dramatic increase in the number of lives lost,” said Dan Lashof, director of NRDC’s climate and clean air program. “To prevent the health impacts of climate change from getting even worse, we need to establish a comprehensive program to reduce heat-trapping pollution from all sources, by building on the Environmental Protection Agency’s proposals to limit carbon pollution from new power plants and cars.”
“The kinds of consequences of climate change highlighted in NRDC’s report are already evident:
• At least 42 states saw record daytime highs in the summer of 2011 and 49 states saw record high nighttime temperatures, according to the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration.
• Health impacts spike during excessive heat events. For example, California was hit by deadly heat waves in 2006, causing during a two-week period 655 deaths, 1,620 excess hospitalizations, and more than 16,000 additional emergency room visits occurred, resulting in nearly $5.4 billion in costs. During a record-setting heat wave in 1995, Chicago suffered over 700 additional heat-related deaths.
The elderly and young children face bigger risks than most, according to the report.
[FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Press contact: Bob Keefe, (202) 289-2373 or bkeefe@nrdc.org; and Leslie Maloy, (703) 276-3256 or lmaloy@hastingsgroup.com
Heat-Related U.S. Deaths Projected to Rise 150,000 by Century's End Due to Climate Change
NRDC’s "Killer Summer Heat" Report Estimates Heat Death in Top 40 Cities
[American Meteorological Society Online Journal Volume 4 Issue 1 (January 2012) Environmental News: Media Center press release
The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)]
HEAT + HUMIDITY + HEAT INDEX + OZONE SYNERGISM + EXERCISE TO EXHAUSTION AND HEAT STROKE
May 26, 2012 by admin · 2 Comments
Today, May 26, 2012 the National Weather Service issued an Orange Air Alert combined with Heat Index of mid 90’s for most of Kentucky and other surrounding states. Therefore, I felt compelled to re-post this important message now that the hot season has begun.
We “old timers” were acclimated to hot weather 50 years ago. When kids, we played outside all day, because we had nothing else but sports activities to occupy our time.
We had no computers, video games or central air conditioning. Air pollution was non-existent.
Today, in contrast, football, Baseball and all Sports Recreation and Exercise (SRE) are much different sports, because conditions have changed and many of those adults in charge and Coaches ignore or overlook weather alerts.
Now there are drastically different non-acclimated athletes, drastically different weather conditions that include global warming and air pollution / increased ground level Ozone.
Ozone and other emerging weather conditions are Pre-Disposing Risk Factors for Heal Illness and Heat Stroke. Ozone combined with an elevated heat index might also cause irreversible lung damage.
In addition, youth athletes participations are increasing dramatically while SRE communiies turn a blind eye to youth sports safety.
Youth SRE athletes are not acclimated to hot weather nowadays. They only go outside to practice and play when seasons begin. The news is that they potentially practice and play outside in dangerous heat, humidity and heat index also combined with air pollution. Often the detrimental air pollutant is Ozone.
OZONE TOXICITY is a well known toxic condition affecting both human and plant life. “New statistics from the World Health Organization show that in the United States, air pollution annually kills nearly twice as many people as do traffic accidents and that deaths from air pollution equal deaths from breast cancer and prostate cancer combined,” said Tiffany Schauer, executive director of Our Children’s Earth Foundation. The 2008 Beijing Olympic Smog has been systematically researched and confirmed athlete hazards.
Ozone (O3) is a tri-atomic molecule. It has three oxygen atoms. Ozone on ground level is an air pollutant with harmful effects on human lungs and the entire respiratory system. On the other hand, the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere is beneficial, acting as a filter and preventing potentially damaging ultraviolet light from reaching the Earth’s surface.
Ground level Ozone peaks in the afternoon after sunlight cooks air-born nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and sulphur dioxide, after air pollution has been emitted during the day.
Ozone is a more powerful oxidizing agent than O2. The Ozone oxidation of human tissue cells in the lungs and entire respiratory system, when bad air is inhaled by athletes, proceeds rapidly with increasing dangerously hot weather. Ozone and heat act synergistically causing a greater effect on body tissues when combined together in the inhalation gas mixture that aerates the lungs. The two appear to have a linear relationship.
Ozone can irritate the respiratory system causing coughing and tightness in the chest. SRE athletes retch and have difficulty breathing. Breaths might be more rapid and shallow, hallmark signs. Symptoms may last hours after exposure.
Pre-existing Asthma is aggravated by Ozone. Asthmatics are more greatly affected by the irritant and high levels result in a greater number of asthma attacks and hospitalizations. Ozone also makes asthmatics more sensitive to allergens that cause asthma attacks and can aggravate chronic lung diseases like bronchitis and infections.
The inflammation and damage to the epithelial cells lining the entire respiratory system and lungs can be silent and rapid for certain groups of football athletes. Often there is no warning.
Ozone damage can occur without any noticeable signs. Football athletes initially might not manifest symptoms, but as Ozone continues to cause lung damage, the athlete might become symptomatic and suddenly collapse.
Pulmonary damage can be irreversible in some football athletes. ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) is the most serious result. ARDS results in a fibroproliferative reaction that lines and blocks off . permanently, the permeable wall of the alveolar sacs. Oxygen cannot be exchanged with circulating pulmonary blood. Sudden catastrophic collapse ensues after oxygen deprivation. Death is almost certain after ARDS begins. Even steroids are ineffective.
Scientists are researching ozone’s long-term effects. SRE athletes repeatedly exposed to high levels of ozone may sustain lung damage, absent an acute attack. Studies suggest that ozone may also harm resistance to respiratory infections and later in life cause lung cancer.
Every coach, must daily check the Air Quality Index and Heat Index on their field of play or practice. Coaches have a duty to protect children who are participating in SRE activities. They are transferred the chain of protective custody for our children.
An AQI of 0-50 usually has no abnormal health effects. When there is an AQI of 51-100, SRE athletes with respiratory disease and asthma should not practice or play outside. During an AQI 101-150 in addition to asthmatics, an athlete in the sensitive group, should not practice football outside.
The problem with this category is that members of the sensitive group might only become known following catastrophic collapse. During dangerous heat, no one should practiceor play SRE outdoors with AQI greater than 100.
Youth athletes should move indoors to practice and play in any of the following categories: AQI of 151 – 200 is Unhealthy”. AQI of 201 – 300 is “Very Unhealthy. AQI greater than 300 is” Hazardous”.
Green 0-50 good
Yellow 51-100 moderate
Orange 101-150 unhealthy for sensitive groups
Red 151-200 Unhealthy
Purple 201-300 very unhealthy
Brown 301-500 Hazardous
Another serious condition has been discovered but not reported. When activity diesel school buses arrive near the end of football practice, if parked idling near practice fields, while football athletes are running gassers or wind sprints finishing practice, they can create “hot spots” of Ozone in already hazardous heat and Ozone environment and push athletes’ Ozone Toxicity over the edge. Beware.
Exercise to exhaustion in dangerous heat and ozone is a recipe for youth SRE athlete death. Body organs bake and oxidize. Children die. Often Ozone Toxicity is accompanied by Exertional Heat Stroke.
Youth Athlete Fatality is the catastrophic outcome, when the core body temperature elevates to 107* after exposure to an increased Heat Index and Ozone synergism.
The only hope for survival once the core body temperature is 107* is to place the Youth Athlete in a kiddy pool with ice water as soon as the athlete is unclothed down to shorts.
Heat Stroke References
1. Vertuno Jim, The Associated Press, Longhorns Tackling the Heat: Pill Helping Texas Survive Rising Temperatures, published by the Victoria Advocate, August 15, 2007.
2. Hyperthermia, Wikipedia Encylopedia, October 2006, Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthermia”
3. Heat Illness, Heat Exhaustion, Heat Stroke. The Nemours Foundation/Kids Health at www.revolutionhealth.com January 3, 2007.
4. Joseph Rampulla, MS,APRN,BC (June 2004). Hyperthermia & Heat Stroke: Heat-Related Conditions (pdf). The Health Care of Homeless Persons pp.199-204. Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. Retrieved on 2007-02-22 at: http://www.bhchp.org/BHCHP%20manual/pdf_files/part2_PDF/Hyperthermia.pdf .
5. “Are you ready for extreme heat?” Courtesy: Federal Emergency Management Agency, Department of Homeland Security. Available from FEMA at: www.fema.gov/areyouready/heat.shtm. Updated August 20, 2007. This information may have changed or been updated since it was accessed. For the most current information, contact FEMA at http://www.fema.gov/.
6. Scott Anderson “Preventing Muscle Cramping in Football”. Coach and Athletic Director. May 2001. At www.FindArticles.com, 15 September 2007. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FIH/is_10_70/ai_n18611880 E.
7. Randy Eichner “Muscle cramps: the right ways for the dog days”. Coach and Athletic Director. August 2002. FindArticles.com. 15 Sep. 2007. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FIH/is_1_72/ai_n18613963.
8. Maddali Sirish, Rodeo Scott, Barnes Ronnie, Warren Russell, Murrell George: Post-exercise Increase in Nitric Oxide in Football Players with Muscle Cramps. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 26: 820-824, 1998.
9. Ruiz E J, Mitchell I D, Eberman L E, Cleary M A. Severe dehydration with cramping resulting in exertional rhabdomyolysis in a high school quarterback. In Cleary M A, Eberman LE, Odai ML eds. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual College of Education Research Conference: Section on Allied Health Professions. April 2006; 1: 31-35. Miami: Florida International Univeristy. http://coeweb.fiu.edu/research_conference/.
10. Cleveland Minot. Musle Cramp. University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago: Health Library, at www.uimc.discoveryhospital.com, March 13, 2000; reviewed January 4, 2007. “Salt tablets are not useful and should be avoided.”
11. Texas Children’s Hospital. Preventing Heat Illness. Texas Children’s Hospital: Caring for Your Child’s Health at www.texaschildrenshospital.org, 2005. “Salt pills are unnecessary and possibly dangerous.”
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Frequently Asked Questions about Extreme Heat. Emergency Preparedness and Response Website at www.bt.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/faq.asp. August 15, 2006. “Do not take salt tablets unless directed by your doctor.”
13. Gillis Rick (reviewer). Heat-Related Illness Can Quickly Become Serious. Healthlink: Medical College of Wisconsin at:
Prepared by Stephen T. Hougen, M.D., F.A.C.S., GETAC Injury Prevention Committee, August 19,
2009
www.healthlink.mcw.edu/article/1031002770.html, June 28, 2007. “Salt pills should not be used without first asking your health care provider.”
14. Taylor-Oring Leslie. Is it Heat Exhaustion or Heat Stroke? Tae Park Tae Kwon Do at: www.eod.gvsu.edu/tkd/newpage22.htm. March 14, 1999. “Give them cool liquids—NO SALT PILLS.”
15. Eichner Randy. Curbing Muscle Cramps: More than Oranges and Bananas. Hot Topics in Sports Nutrition. Gatorade Sports Science Institute, at: www.gssiweb.com/ShowArticle.aspx?articled=619. July 25, 2003.
16. Coyle Edward. Fluid and Carbohydrate Replacement During Exercise: How Much and Why? Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Sports Science Exhange #50, Volume7 (1994), Number 3, at: www.gssiweb.com/Article_Detail.aspx/articleid=23&level=2&topic=2.
17. Eichner Randy. Heat Stroke in Sports: Causes, Prevention, and Treatment. Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Sports Science Exchange #86, Volume 15 (2002), Number 3, at: www.gssiweb.com/Article_Detail.aspx?articleid=597&level=2&topic=7.
18. Eichner Randy. Heat Stroke in Sports: How to Protect Yourself and Help Your Teammates. Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Sports Science Exchange #86, Volume 15 (2002), Number 3 Supplement, at: www.gssiweb.com/Article_Detail.aspx?articleid=597&level=2&topic=7.
19. Murray Robert, Eichner Randy. Preventing Heat Illness: Keeping Athletes from Falling into Danger Zones. Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Sports Science Library at: http://gssiweb.com/Article_Detail.aspx?articleid=570&level=2&topic=7.
20. Casa Douglas, Murray Robert. Sports Science News: Preventing Exertional Heat Illness: A Consensus Statement. Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Sports Science Library, 2007, at: http://gssiweb.com/Article_Detail.aspx?articleid=625&level=2&topic=7.
21. Conrad Mark. Mark’s View: Heat Stroke and Football Practice (A comment on the heat stroke death of Minnesota Viking Korey Stringer). Mark’s Sportslaw News, 2001, at: www.sportslawnews.com.
22. CNN News. Vikings football player dies of heat stroke, at: www.CNN.com./U.S., August 1, 2001. This is a CNN news story about Korey Stringer.
23. Associated Press, Mankato, Minnesota. Vikings tackle Stringer dies from heatstroke, August 2001.
24. The Associated Press, Gainesville, Florida: Florida player Autin dies six days after heat stroke. Volume 101, No. 187, Thursday, July 26, 2001. This article discusses the heat stroke death of 18 year old freshman Eraste Autin who collapsed during a work out in 88 degrees, 72% humidity, heat index of 100.
25. Smith Michael. Football Practice Heat Stroke Deaths Preventable (An article about the heat stroke death of 18 year old Chris Stewart). MedPage Today, Daily Headlines, Oklahoma City, August 18, 2005.
26. Sparks Tara. Death has parents concerned. Victoria Advocate, page 1, August 15, 2003 at: www.nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=VA&P_t.
Prepared by Stephen T. Hougen, M.D., F.A.C.S., GETAC Injury Prevention Committee, August 19,
2009
8
This article describes a parents’ safety meeting following the death of 14 year-old Matthew Thomas.
27. Victoria Advocate staff writer. Autopsy not yet released. Victoria Advocate, page 1, August 15, 2003, at: www.nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=VA&P_t.
28. deLench Brook. To Nineteen Youth Athletes Dying Young. MomsTeam, A Parents Trusted Youth Sports Source, at www.momsteam.com. August 25, 2007.
29. Reddy Vinay. Heat Cramps, Heat Exhaustion, and Heat Stroke. Dr. Reddy’s Pediatric Office on the Web at http://www.drreddy.com, 1/12/07.
30. Williamson David. UNC Warns of Possible Heat Strokes for High School Atheletes, at www.unc.edu//depts/nccsi, 2004.
31. Roberts William. Death in the Heat: Can Football Heat Stroke be Prevented? Current Sports Medicine Reports. (3), 2004.
32. Roberts William. Common Threads in a Random Tapestry: Another Viewpoint on Exertional Heatstroke, The Physician and Sports Medicine. 33(10) 2-5, October 2005.
33. Roberts William. Exertional Heat Stroke during a Cool Weather Marathon: A Case Study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine, pages 1197-1203, January 2006 at http://www.acsm-msse.org.
34. Fighting Heat Stress, at http://fighting_heat_stress,asp.htm.
35. Donohue Paul. Exertional Heat Stroke: A Preventable Cause of Death, To Your Good Health. Victoria Advocate, page E-5, Saturday, July 14, 2007.
36. Jung Alan, Bishop Phillip, Al-Nawwas Ali, Dale Barry. Influence of Hydration and Electolyte Supplementation on Incidence and Time to Onset of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps. Journal of Athletic Training 40(2): 71-75, April-June 2005.
37. The Zunis Foundation. How Hot is Hot? How Safe if Safe? At www.zunis.org, April 8, 2007.
38. It’s Hot, It’s Humid, It’s Sunny: Information on Heat and Sun-Related Illnesses. Street Medics, www.action-medical.net
39. Hirsch Larissa. Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke: A Poster. This is a handy instructional “Heat Sheet” found at www.kidshealth.com
40. Bergeron Michael F, Cannon Joseph G, Hall Elaina L, Kutlar Abdullah. Erythrocyte Sickling During Exercise and Thermal Stress. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 14(6): 354-356, November 2004.
41. Gallais Daniel Le, Bile Alphonse, Mercier Jacques, Paschel Marc, Tonellot Jean Louis, Dauverchain Jean. Exercise-induced death in sickle cell trait: role of aging, training, and deconditioning. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 28(5): 541-544, May 1996.
42. Kark J A, Posey D M, Schumacher H R, Ruehle C J. Sickle-cell trait as a risk factor for sudden death in physical training. New England Journal of Medicine. (317): 781-787, September 1987.
43. Binkley Helen M, Beckett Joseph, Casa Douglas J, Kleiner Douglas M, Plummer Paul E. National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Exertional
Prepared by Stephen T. Hougen, M.D., F.A.C.S., GETAC Injury Prevention Committee, August 19,
2009
9
Heat Illnesses. Journal of Athletic Training. 37(3): 329-343, July-September 2002.
44. Guyton Arthur C, Hall John E. Circulatory Shock and Physiology of its Treatment, Chapter 24, Textbook of Medical Physiology, Eleventh Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, June 2005.
45. Guyton Arthur C, Hall John E. The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids, Chapter 25, Textbook of Medical Physiology, Eleventh Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, June 2005.
46. Guyton Arthur C, Hall John E. Body Temperature, Temperature Regulation, and Fever, Chapter 73, Textbook of Medical Physiology, Eleventh Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, June 2005.
47. Guyton Arthur C, Hall John E. Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration, Chapter 28, Textbook of Medical Physiology, Eleventh Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, June 2005.
48. Graves, Will. Case of Kentucky Coach puts Football on Trial. The Associated Press. The Victoria Advocate, page C-7, Friday, January 30, 2009.
49. Mahalo.com. Max Gilpin, at http://www.mahalo.com/max-gilpin
50. Louisville News, Homepage. Witness: Teen’s Death was Preventable. August 27, 2008. http://www.wlky.com/news/17315849/detail.html Copyright 2008 by WLKY.com.
51. Konz, Antoinette. 911 Call: PRP player drifted in, out of consiousness. Courier-Journal.com, Louisville, Kentucky at http://www.courier-journal.com/article/20081107/NEWS01/811070437/1008/rss01, November 7, 2008.
52. WLKY.com. PRP Football Player Collapses at Practice, In Critical Condition. http://www.wlky.com/sports/17267086/detail.html. August 22, 2008.
53. WLKY.com. PRP Football Player Dies 3 Days after Collapse in Practice. Louisville, Kentucky. At http://www.wlky.com/health/17280899/detail.html, August 27, 2009.
54. Binkley, Helen; Beckett, Joseph;Casa, Douglas; Kleiner, Douglas; Plummer, Paul. National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Exertional Heat Illnesses. Journal of Athletic Training. 2002 Jul-Sep; 37(3): 329-343.
55. Parents’ and Coasches’ Guide to Dehydration and other Heat Illnesses in Children. National Safe Kids Campaign. Adapted from: Inter-Association task force on exertional heat illnesses consensus statement: National Athletic Trainers’ Association. June 2003. Available at: www.nata.org/industryresources/heatillnessconsensusstatement.pdf.
Prepared by Stephen T. Hougen, M.D., F.A.C.S., GETAC Injury Prevention Committee, August 19,
2009
10
PREDISPOSING RISK FACTORS FOR HEAT ILLNESS AND HEAT STROKE
May 26, 2012 by admin · Leave a Comment
“How hot is hot enough to cause heat illness is a moving target because Predisposing Factors contribute to Death from heat illness and abnormal body heat balance,” says Dr. William O. Roberts.
There are reports of death from heat illness with temperatures in the 70″s. because of Predisposing Risk Factors.
Temperature alone from dehydration from insufficient water consumption might not be the sole cause of heat illness. An athlete patient can be diagnosed with heat illness if one of the following is associated with body heat imbalance and increased lethal body temperature while working or exercising in the heat.
Water consumption errors do not always account for all heat illness death. Predisposing Factors for heat imbalance and increased body heat and death from heat illness will only be definitively ruled in or out after autopsy. However, clinical diagnoses are all that can be relied on in lieu of an autopsy.
There are Primary and Secondary Risk Factors for Heat Stroke.
I. PRIMARY RISK FACTORS FOR HEAT STROKE AFFECT THE AIRWAY, BREATHING AND CIRCULATION, CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS DIRECTLY.
A. Inadequate Oxygen an/ or Inadequate Airway
B. Breathing Difficulty. Can’t Breathe on their own.
C. Circulation Compromise and Cardiovascular Pathology
D. Poor Air Quality. Increased Ground Level Ozone and other Air Polution. See Publication Heat + Ozone + Synergism + Exercise http://www.cappaa.com/heat-ozone-synergism-exercise-to-exhaustion
In addition the ABC’s of Resuscitation are a mnemonic used in the care of the unconscious or unresponsive patient. It is used as a reminder of the priorities for assessment and treatment of patients in many acute medical and trauma situations. Airway, breathing, and circulation are vital for life, and each is required, in that order, for the next to be effective. The Heat Stroke Patient must have the ABC’s attended and stabilized first in that order.
II. SECONDARY RISK FACTORS
MEDICATIONS
A. Sympathomimetics (alpha adrenergic agonists)
Amphetamines
Epinephrine
Ephedrine
Cocaine
Norepinephrine
B. Anticholinergics
Atropine
Scopolamine
Benztropine mesylate
Antihistamines
C. Diuretics
Caffeine
Alcohol
Furosemide (Lasix)
Hydrochlorothiazide
Bumetanide (Bumex)
D. Phenothiazines
Prochlorperazine
Chlorpromazine hydrochloride
Promethazine hydrochloride
E. Butyrophenones
Haloperidol (Haldol)
F. Tricyclic Antidepressant
Amitriptyline (Elavil)
Imipramine
Nortriptyline
Protriptyline
G. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Phenelzine
Tranylcypromine
H. Recreational and Illicit Drugs
Alcohol
Lysergic Acid diethylamide (LSD)
Other Medications
Beta Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Lithium
Heat Illness Prevention
Pathophysiology Predisposing conditions alter heat balance
1. Increased endogenous heat load : Vigorous Exercise or overexertion
2. Increased Exogenous Heat load -Sun Exposure -Increased Heat Index
3. Decreased Heat Dissipation
a. Exogenous cause -Humidity
Occlusive or excessive clothing
b. Endogenous cause -
Dehydration
Lack of acclimatization
Healed burns
Sunburn
Dermatitis
Sweat Gland Dysfunction
4. Other predisposing factors for abnormal heat balance
a. Prior Heat Stroke
b. Concurrent infection
Upper Respiratory Infection
Gastroenteritis
c. Elderly
Myocardial dysfunction
Decreased muscle mass
Decreased skin blood supply
Renal insufficiency
Chronic illness
d. Comorbid medical condition
Anorexia
Cystic Fibrosis
Diabetes Insipidus
Poorly controlled Diabetes Mellitus
Obesity
Hypokalemia
References:
William O. Roberts, MD, sports medicine MinnHealth in White Bear Lake, Minn Czerkawski (1996) Your Patient Fitness 10(4): 13-20
Sandor (1997) Physician SportsMed, 25(6):35-40
Barrow (1998) Am Fam Physician 58(3):749
Hett (1998) Postgrad Med 103(6):107
Wexler (2002) Am Fam Physician 65(11):2307
Heat Stroke References
1. Vertuno Jim, The Associated Press, Longhorns Tackling the Heat: Pill Helping Texas Survive Rising Temperatures, published by the Victoria Advocate, August 15, 2007.
2. Hyperthermia, Wikipedia Encylopedia, October 2006, Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthermia”
3. Heat Illness, Heat Exhaustion, Heat Stroke. The Nemours Foundation/Kids Health at www.revolutionhealth.com January 3, 2007.
4. Joseph Rampulla, MS,APRN,BC (June 2004). Hyperthermia & Heat Stroke: Heat-Related Conditions (pdf). The Health Care of Homeless Persons pp.199-204. Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. Retrieved on 2007-02-22 at: http://www.bhchp.org/BHCHP%20manual/pdf_files/part2_PDF/Hyperthermia.pdf .
5. “Are you ready for extreme heat?” Courtesy: Federal Emergency Management Agency, Department of Homeland Security. Available from FEMA at: www.fema.gov/areyouready/heat.shtm. Updated August 20, 2007. This information may have changed or been updated since it was accessed. For the most current information, contact FEMA at http://www.fema.gov/.
6. Scott Anderson “Preventing Muscle Cramping in Football”. Coach and Athletic Director. May 2001. At www.FindArticles.com, 15 September 2007. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FIH/is_10_70/ai_n18611880 E.
7. Randy Eichner “Muscle cramps: the right ways for the dog days”. Coach and Athletic Director. August 2002. FindArticles.com. 15 Sep. 2007. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FIH/is_1_72/ai_n18613963.
8. Maddali Sirish, Rodeo Scott, Barnes Ronnie, Warren Russell, Murrell George: Post-exercise Increase in Nitric Oxide in Football Players with Muscle Cramps. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 26: 820-824, 1998.
9. Ruiz E J, Mitchell I D, Eberman L E, Cleary M A. Severe dehydration with cramping resulting in exertional rhabdomyolysis in a high school quarterback. In Cleary M A, Eberman LE, Odai ML eds. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual College of Education Research Conference: Section on Allied Health Professions. April 2006; 1: 31-35. Miami: Florida International Univeristy. http://coeweb.fiu.edu/research_conference/.
10. Cleveland Minot. Musle Cramp. University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago: Health Library, at www.uimc.discoveryhospital.com, March 13, 2000; reviewed January 4, 2007. “Salt tablets are not useful and should be avoided.”
11. Texas Children’s Hospital. Preventing Heat Illness. Texas Children’s Hospital: Caring for Your Child’s Health at www.texaschildrenshospital.org, 2005. “Salt pills are unnecessary and possibly dangerous.”
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Frequently Asked Questions about Extreme Heat. Emergency Preparedness and Response Website at www.bt.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/faq.asp. August 15, 2006. “Do not take salt tablets unless directed by your doctor.”
13. Gillis Rick (reviewer). Heat-Related Illness Can Quickly Become Serious. Healthlink: Medical College of Wisconsin at:
Prepared by Stephen T. Hougen, M.D., F.A.C.S., GETAC Injury Prevention Committee, August 19,
2009
7
www.healthlink.mcw.edu/article/1031002770.html, June 28, 2007. “Salt pills should not be used without first asking your health care provider.”
14. Taylor-Oring Leslie. Is it Heat Exhaustion or Heat Stroke? Tae Park Tae Kwon Do at: www.eod.gvsu.edu/tkd/newpage22.htm. March 14, 1999. “Give them cool liquids—NO SALT PILLS.”
15. Eichner Randy. Curbing Muscle Cramps: More than Oranges and Bananas. Hot Topics in Sports Nutrition. Gatorade Sports Science Institute, at: www.gssiweb.com/ShowArticle.aspx?articled=619. July 25, 2003.
16. Coyle Edward. Fluid and Carbohydrate Replacement During Exercise: How Much and Why? Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Sports Science Exhange #50, Volume7 (1994), Number 3, at: www.gssiweb.com/Article_Detail.aspx/articleid=23&level=2&topic=2.
17. Eichner Randy. Heat Stroke in Sports: Causes, Prevention, and Treatment. Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Sports Science Exchange #86, Volume 15 (2002), Number 3, at: www.gssiweb.com/Article_Detail.aspx?articleid=597&level=2&topic=7.
18. Eichner Randy. Heat Stroke in Sports: How to Protect Yourself and Help Your Teammates. Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Sports Science Exchange #86, Volume 15 (2002), Number 3 Supplement, at: www.gssiweb.com/Article_Detail.aspx?articleid=597&level=2&topic=7.
19. Murray Robert, Eichner Randy. Preventing Heat Illness: Keeping Athletes from Falling into Danger Zones. Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Sports Science Library at: http://gssiweb.com/Article_Detail.aspx?articleid=570&level=2&topic=7.
20. Casa Douglas, Murray Robert. Sports Science News: Preventing Exertional Heat Illness: A Consensus Statement. Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Sports Science Library, 2007, at: http://gssiweb.com/Article_Detail.aspx?articleid=625&level=2&topic=7.
21. Conrad Mark. Mark’s View: Heat Stroke and Football Practice (A comment on the heat stroke death of Minnesota Viking Korey Stringer). Mark’s Sportslaw News, 2001, at: www.sportslawnews.com.
22. CNN News. Vikings football player dies of heat stroke, at: www.CNN.com./U.S., August 1, 2001. This is a CNN news story about Korey Stringer.
23. Associated Press, Mankato, Minnesota. Vikings tackle Stringer dies from heatstroke, August 2001.
24. The Associated Press, Gainesville, Florida: Florida player Autin dies six days after heat stroke. Volume 101, No. 187, Thursday, July 26, 2001. This article discusses the heat stroke death of 18 year old freshman Eraste Autin who collapsed during a work out in 88 degrees, 72% humidity, heat index of 100.
25. Smith Michael. Football Practice Heat Stroke Deaths Preventable (An article about the heat stroke death of 18 year old Chris Stewart). MedPage Today, Daily Headlines, Oklahoma City, August 18, 2005.
26. Sparks Tara. Death has parents concerned. Victoria Advocate, page 1, August 15, 2003 at: www.nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=VA&P_t.
Prepared by Stephen T. Hougen, M.D., F.A.C.S., GETAC Injury Prevention Committee, August 19,
2009
8
This article describes a parents’ safety meeting following the death of 14 year-old Matthew Thomas.
27. Victoria Advocate staff writer. Autopsy not yet released. Victoria Advocate, page 1, August 15, 2003, at: www.nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=VA&P_t.
28. deLench Brook. To Nineteen Youth Athletes Dying Young. MomsTeam, A Parents Trusted Youth Sports Source, at www.momsteam.com. August 25, 2007.
29. Reddy Vinay. Heat Cramps, Heat Exhaustion, and Heat Stroke. Dr. Reddy’s Pediatric Office on the Web at http://www.drreddy.com, 1/12/07.
30. Williamson David. UNC Warns of Possible Heat Strokes for High School Atheletes, at www.unc.edu//depts/nccsi, 2004.
31. Roberts William. Death in the Heat: Can Football Heat Stroke be Prevented? Current Sports Medicine Reports. (3), 2004.
32. Roberts William. Common Threads in a Random Tapestry: Another Viewpoint on Exertional Heatstroke, The Physician and Sports Medicine. 33(10) 2-5, October 2005.
33. Roberts William. Exertional Heat Stroke during a Cool Weather Marathon: A Case Study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine, pages 1197-1203, January 2006 at http://www.acsm-msse.org.
34. Fighting Heat Stress, at http://fighting_heat_stress,asp.htm.
35. Donohue Paul. Exertional Heat Stroke: A Preventable Cause of Death, To Your Good Health. Victoria Advocate, page E-5, Saturday, July 14, 2007.
36. Jung Alan, Bishop Phillip, Al-Nawwas Ali, Dale Barry. Influence of Hydration and Electolyte Supplementation on Incidence and Time to Onset of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps. Journal of Athletic Training 40(2): 71-75, April-June 2005.
37. The Zunis Foundation. How Hot is Hot? How Safe if Safe? At www.zunis.org, April 8, 2007.
38. It’s Hot, It’s Humid, It’s Sunny: Information on Heat and Sun-Related Illnesses. Street Medics, www.action-medical.net
39. Hirsch Larissa. Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke: A Poster. This is a handy instructional “Heat Sheet” found at www.kidshealth.com
40. Bergeron Michael F, Cannon Joseph G, Hall Elaina L, Kutlar Abdullah. Erythrocyte Sickling During Exercise and Thermal Stress. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 14(6): 354-356, November 2004.
41. Gallais Daniel Le, Bile Alphonse, Mercier Jacques, Paschel Marc, Tonellot Jean Louis, Dauverchain Jean. Exercise-induced death in sickle cell trait: role of aging, training, and deconditioning. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 28(5): 541-544, May 1996.
42. Kark J A, Posey D M, Schumacher H R, Ruehle C J. Sickle-cell trait as a risk factor for sudden death in physical training. New England Journal of Medicine. (317): 781-787, September 1987.
43. Binkley Helen M, Beckett Joseph, Casa Douglas J, Kleiner Douglas M, Plummer Paul E. National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Exertional
Prepared by Stephen T. Hougen, M.D., F.A.C.S., GETAC Injury Prevention Committee, August 19,
2009
9
Heat Illnesses. Journal of Athletic Training. 37(3): 329-343, July-September 2002.
44. Guyton Arthur C, Hall John E. Circulatory Shock and Physiology of its Treatment, Chapter 24, Textbook of Medical Physiology, Eleventh Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, June 2005.
45. Guyton Arthur C, Hall John E. The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids, Chapter 25, Textbook of Medical Physiology, Eleventh Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, June 2005.
46. Guyton Arthur C, Hall John E. Body Temperature, Temperature Regulation, and Fever, Chapter 73, Textbook of Medical Physiology, Eleventh Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, June 2005.
47. Guyton Arthur C, Hall John E. Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration, Chapter 28, Textbook of Medical Physiology, Eleventh Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, June 2005.
48. Graves, Will. Case of Kentucky Coach puts Football on Trial. The Associated Press. The Victoria Advocate, page C-7, Friday, January 30, 2009.
49. Mahalo.com. Max Gilpin, at http://www.mahalo.com/max-gilpin
50. Louisville News, Homepage. Witness: Teen’s Death was Preventable. August 27, 2008. http://www.wlky.com/news/17315849/detail.html Copyright 2008 by WLKY.com.
51. Konz, Antoinette. 911 Call: PRP player drifted in, out of consiousness. Courier-Journal.com, Louisville, Kentucky at http://www.courier-journal.com/article/20081107/NEWS01/811070437/1008/rss01, November 7, 2008.
52. WLKY.com. PRP Football Player Collapses at Practice, In Critical Condition. http://www.wlky.com/sports/17267086/detail.html. August 22, 2008.
53. WLKY.com. PRP Football Player Dies 3 Days after Collapse in Practice. Louisville, Kentucky. At http://www.wlky.com/health/17280899/detail.html, August 27, 2009.
54. Binkley, Helen; Beckett, Joseph;Casa, Douglas; Kleiner, Douglas; Plummer, Paul. National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Exertional Heat Illnesses. Journal of Athletic Training. 2002 Jul-Sep; 37(3): 329-343.
55. Parents’ and Coasches’ Guide to Dehydration and other Heat Illnesses in Children. National Safe Kids Campaign. Adapted from: Inter-Association task force on exertional heat illnesses consensus statement: National Athletic Trainers’ Association. June 2003. Available at: www.nata.org/industryresources/heatillnessconsensusstatement.pdf.
Prepared by Stephen T. Hougen, M.D., F.A.C.S., GETAC Injury Prevention Committee, August 19,
2009
CHILD ATHLETE PUNISHMENT BY COACHES
May 13, 2012 by admin · Leave a Comment
“It may not be apparent unless one works in the field, but abuse of athletic children in the name of their sports is relatively widespread, even in so-called civilised societies. (reference continued below0
No one in their Right and Reasonable mind could imagine that a Responsible Parent or Guardian would sign or verbally give “permission to participate” that allowed a Temporary Substitute Caretaker, such as the Coach, to have his or her way-with and Physically, Emotionally and/or Sexually Abuse their Child during Sports, Recreation, Exercise or any other school and non-school activity. [mbmsrmd]
Parent’s and Guardian’s Resonable Expectations when granting “permission to participate” in SRE do not include Unlawful Coaching Behavior.
(continued) Abuse of athletic children “includes the imposition of training regimes suited for adult athletes, punishment, encouraging the development of eating disorders and doping, psychological, sexual and emotional abuse from parents and coaches (who should be the protectors of the child athlete), and other competitors.”
[Br J Sports Med 2007;41:59-60 Book review Human rights in youth sport, Nicola Maffulli, Edited by P David. London: Published by Routledge, 2005]
World Governments and Societies cannot continue to whistle past the graveyards and emergency rooms, while turning a Blind Eye toward the Facts, that Prolematic Coaches (the number of Problematic Coaches is unkown) are Inflicting, Causing or Creating or allowing to be Inflicted, Caused or Created, directly or Indirectly, serious Injuries and/or Deaths following Child Athlete Abuse Syndrome.
Discipline for bad behavior through Reasonable means are within the rights of Parents, Custodians and Temporary Substitute Caretakers.
But UnReasonable Punishment of a Child by a Temporary Substitute Caretaker such as a Youth Coach, Teacher, School Bus Driver, Clergy, Camp Director, Day Care Worker, Youth Minister, Boy Scout leader etc. for not properly executing, achieving and performing their assignments, tasks and play during Sports, Recreation, Exercise and other School and Non-School Activities are totally inappropriate and potentially dangerous.
Furthermore, if the Punishment Elevates to the level of Child Abuse, its unlawful.
“In the law of Negligence, the reasonable person standard is the standard of care that a reasonably prudent person would observe under a given set of circumstances. An individual who subscribes to such standards can avoid liability for negligence. Similarly a reasonable act is that which might fairly and properly be required of an individual. [West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2.]
However, Physically and Emotionally Harming and Endangering a child are certainly not Reasonable.
Parents, Guardians and Temporary Substitue Caretakers must know their own and the Child’s limitations and not cross the line causing serious injury and/or death to the Child being disciplined and punished.
Parents, Guardians and Temporary Substitute Caretakers are the Child Advocates and are responsible for protecting the Child.
Discipline and Punishment should only occur through Reasonable means. Serious Injury, Death and all forms of Child Abuse are not Reasonable. Coversely, they are Criminal.
____________________________________________
“The pressure to win can cause significant emotional stress for a child. Sadly, many coaches and parents consider winning the most important aspect of sports. Young athletes should be judged on effort, sportsmanship and hard work.”
“They should be rewarded for trying hard and for improving their skills rather than punished or criticized for losing a game or competition.
“The main goal (of Sprots Recreation and Exercise) should be to have fun and learn lifelong physical activity skills.” [Tips for Sports Injury Prevention, American Academy of Pediatrics 4/11/2012. Healthychildren.org]
____________________________________________
“An ongoing debate exists over the problems with our nation’s education and sports programs; however, you “never hear experts arguing - nor see solid research proving - that schools [and athletic teams] would be much better if only the students were beaten [and punished] more regularly.”
“The use of physical discipline, or corporal punishment, on children has a long and sordid tradition in America’s homes, schools and athletic programs.
The recent deaths of middle school, high school, college, semi-professional and professional athletes indicates that the use of excessive exercise and punishment by school officials and coaches can kill.”
“Athletic officials and the media attempt to spin athletic injuries and deaths as unfortunate byproducts of playing the game.
“Despite their spin, ‘coaches tweak and torque the athlete to see how far [they] can be pushed.’
“Today athletes are treated as superhuman-heroes who are expected to play even when hurt, sick or fatigued.”
“According to common law standards, public school teachers and coaches may impose reasonable but not excessive force to discipline a child.
“The use of excessive force or exercise to discipline a child violates that child’s substantive due process rights.”
[EXCESSIVE EXERCISE AS CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN MOORE v. WILLIS INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT - HAS THE FIFTH CIRCUIT "TOTALLY ISOLATED" ITSELF IN ITS POSITION? Author By Kristina Rico Villanova Sports and Entertainment Law Journal, Villanova University, CASENOTE: 9 Vill. Sports & Ent. L.J. 351. 2002]
_____________________________________________
“Children and youths have many opportunities to be physically active in the school environment, including physical education class, recess, and before- and after- school programs. In addition, more than one third of children ages 9-13 participate in organized youth sport (Corbin, Pangrazi & LeMasurier, 2004).”
“It is imperative that these experiences promote the importance of physical activity to one’s health. To become active adults, children and youths need to encounter positive physical activity experiences, as supported in the National Association for Sport and Physical Education’s (NASPE) Appropriate Instructional Practice Guidelines documents for elementary, middle and high school physical education (NASPE, 2009).”
“A student’s motivation for being physically active by engaging in the important subject matter content of physical education and sport should never fall victim to the inappropriate use of physical activity as a disciplinary consequence. NASPE supports that view in its National Standards for Sport Coaches: Quality Coaches, Quality Sports, which states that coaches should “never use physical activity or peer pressure as a means of disciplining athlete behavior” (NASPE, 2005, p. 17).”
[Position Statement, 2009, National Association for Sport and Physical Education, an association of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, www.aahperd.org/naspe
1900 Association Drive • Reston, VA 20190, U.S.]
_____________________________________________
The following study “concerned how coaches’ efforts to solicit better performance from athletes related to male athletes’ perceptions of their coaches’ communication and to athletes’ self‐reports of satisfaction and performance. Data were collected from 192 former male high‐school athletes. Results indicated that when male athletes perceived that their coaches used more aggressive tactics athletes evaluated their coaches communication unfavorably and that when male athletes evaluated their coaches’ communication unfavorably they reported less satisfaction with their coaches, less team success in terms of win‐loss percentage, and less sportsmanship.”
[Aggressive communication in the coach‐athlete relationship by Jeffrey W. Kassing & Dominic A. Infante. Communication Research Reports Volume 16, Issue 2, 1999]
____________________________________________
“The four overarching ethical principles elaborated in the Coaching Code of Ethics, Ethical coaching practice, set standards for coaching conduct that prohibit physical punishment.
“Coaches have a special responsibility to respect and promote the rights of participants who are in vulnerable or dependent positions and less able to protect their own rights”., namely vulnerable, susceptible, minor Children.
“Coaches must maintain Children’s dignity and Rights in Sports”. Coaches must 1st do no harm, “primum non nocere” and Promote Athlete Safety 1st
We are on the cusp of a worldwide sea change regarding physical punishment of children.
Passage of laws is often preceded, and usually accompanied, by public education
regarding physical punishment and the value of positive approaches to discipline.
Implementing measures to ensure the protection of children from harm—including physical punishment—is an obligation of governments under the UN Convention
on the Rights of the Child,
Pediatric Societies “recommend that physicians strongly discourage disciplinary spanking and all other forms of physical punishment.”
Now a growing number of voices from within sport and recreation are raising awareness of physical punishment and supporting its elimination.
“Credible information will change even long-standing attitudes and behaviour.
Growing numbers of Canadian parents are accepting the evidence that physical punishment is ineffective as discipline and potentially harmful, and are becoming familiar with and using “positive discipline.”
The sport and recreation community—leaders, coaches, volunteers, parents, and youth—has begun to reflect on the fundamental difference between punishment and appropriate training. Sports leaders, coaches, volunteers, parents, and youth are speaking up. The times indeed are a-changin’.
[Physical Punishment of Children in Sport and Recreation:, The Times They Are A-Changin’, Coaches Plan Summer 2010 : Vol. 17, No. 2, Ron Ensom and Joan Durrant]
Basketball Coach “accused of abusing at least six of his players, ages 15-20.” The four that spoke with police reported that the Coach “tied them up for hours and even put clothes pins on their nipples, CBS Sacramento reports.” [Calif. basketball coach faces child abuse allegations, CBS News Jan 11, 2013 http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504083_162-57563577-504083/calif-basketball-coach-faces-child-abuse-allegations/]
CHILD ATHLETE ABUSE SYNDROME, “A NEW DISEASE”
May 3, 2012 by mike · Leave a Comment
Child Athlete Abuse Syndrome is a Short Title for a Clustering of Child (<18) or Youth (15-18) Athlete Morbidity, Mortality and/or Abuse secondary to:
► Physical endangerment, maltreatment and/or abuse
► Psychological (Emotional) endangerment, maltreatment and/or abuse
► Sexual Abuse
► Failed child custodial protection
► Negligent care giving supervision
► Human rights violations
► That were inflicted, caused, created, or allowed to be inflicted, caused, created, directly or indirectly by the Problematic Coach, including the Strength Training, Conditioning and other specialty Coach, Problematic Parent or other Problematic Caretaker Person who has Child and Youth Athlete custodial protection, supervision, care and control during Sports, Recreation and Exercise Participation
► Failure to report the morbidity and mortality to Authorities is Illegal. [1.] [6.]
► In most United States, Children are minors when less than 18 years of age.
► The United Nations define Youth as persons between the ages of 15-24.
CHILD ATHLETE ABUSE SYNDROME IS “MEDICALIZED”
• Medicalized: To identify or categorize a condition or behavior as being a disorder requiring medical treatment or intervention [Online-Dictionary]
• CAAS IS LEGITIMATE DIANOSIS WITH ICD-9 CODES because all child abuse is Medicalized. (ICD-9) “International Classification of Disease, 9th edition, Clinical Modification is a standardized classification of disease, injuries, and causes of death, by etiology and anatomic localization and codified into a 6-digit number, which allows clinicians, statisticians, politicians, health planners, health insurance and others to speak a common language, both US and internationally”. ICD-9s are used to bill medical insurance by Doctors.
PLEASE SEE THE CLINICAL PODCAST by linking to the URL, Universal Resource Locator or web address below:
http://www.athletesafety1st.com
Title: CHILD ATHETE ABUSE SYNDROME, “A NEW DISEASE”
Battered Child Synrome was reported in 1962. It evolved into Child Protection Laws. [“The Battered-Child Syndrome”, C. Henry Kempe, M.D.; Frederic N. Silverman, M.D.; Brandt F. Steele, M.D.; William Droegemueller, M.D. ; Henry K. Silver, M.D., JAMA. 1962;181(1):17-24.]
CHILD ATHLETE ABUSE SYNDROME HAS BEEN ILLEGALIZED
Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment and Reauthorization Act 2010, Public Law 111-320 was first enacted into Federal Law in 1972 and has been amended several times, most recently 2010. It will be probably amended again because of the Penn State Coach Sandusky tragedy,
19 years later, in 1981 Dr. Edwin R. Guise and Dr. Richard M. Ball, in disapproval, first described the terms respectively:
“Forcing kids into sports is called “type of Child Abuse.” Some parents abuse their children by beating them, others by pushing them to succeed in sports to the point of serious injury.”
Dr. Edwin R. Guise of Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit calls it “Socially Approved Athletic Child Abuse.”
Dr. Guise has reported that “swimmers shoulder” is a condition so severe it requires surgery and is on the increase among teenagers who are team swimmers.
Another Bone Specialist Dr. Richard M. Ball of Plainfield, N.J. condemned the grueling training programs for adolescents as a “Battered-Child-Athlete-Syndrome”. Dr. Ball said teenage swimmers were developing serious should tendonitis that might require surgery.
Dr. Edwin R. Guise and Dr. Richard M. Ball are credited for the terms
“Socially Approved Athletic Child Abuse”
“Battered-Child-Athlete-Syndrome”
[Weekly World News, Jan 20, 1981, Health News]
Forty-nine years after the report of Battered Child Syndrome, April 29, 2011, Micheal B. Minix, Sr., M.D., this reporter, presented Child Ahlete Abuse Syndrome, “A New Disease” at the Athlete Abuse Summit, Omni Parker House, Boston, MA.
CAAS is Called a “A NEW DISEASE” because Athletic officials, witnesses and sometimes the media have covered-up sexual abuse and attempted to spin athletic injuries and deaths as unfortunate byproducts of playing the game.The Penn State Tragedy has enlightened the public about evil Coaches and school Officials who attempt to cover-up. Therefore, the Elephant in the locker room has been newly exposed for causing serious Child Athlete morbidity and mortality.
Additionally, Dr. Robert Cantu presneted “Concussion Awareness” at the Summit. There were other compelling expert presentations at the Summit.
Coaches are in charge of conditioning, boot camp, practice and games. Coaches should be familiar with Child Abuse Laws, the Rules of Law concerning Child and Youth who participate in Sports.
School Coaches are mandated by law with Child and Youth Protective Custody and Supervision transferred to them for Extra-Curricular Grade, Middle and High School Activities and Sports. Non-School Coaches have the same Duty to Children and Youth.
“The use of physical discipline, or corporal punishment, on children has a long and sordid tradition in America’s homes, schools and athletic programs.
The recent deaths of middle school, high school, college, semi-professional and professional athletes indicates that the use of excessive exercise and punishment by school officials and coaches can kill.”
“Athletic officials and the media attempt to spin athletic injuries and deaths as unfortunate byproducts of playing the game.
“Despite their spin, ‘coaches tweak and torque the athlete to see how far [they] can be pushed.’
“Today athletes are treated as superhuman-heroes who are expected to play even when hurt, sick or fatigued.”
“According to common law standards, public school teachers and coaches may impose reasonable but not excessive force to discipline a child.
“The use of excessive force or exercise to discipline a child violates that child’s substantive due process rights.”
[EXCESSIVE EXERCISE AS CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN MOORE v. WILLIS INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT - HAS THE FIFTH CIRCUIT "TOTALLY ISOLATED" ITSELF IN ITS POSITION? Author By Kristina Rico Villanova Sports and Entertainment Law Journal, Villanova University, CASENOTE: 9 Vill. Sports & Ent. L.J. 351. 2002]
Coaches have a Fiduciary Coach-Athlete Responsigility and Trust for Youth Athletes in College and the Olympics.
Ignorance of the Law and Overlooking the Law are no excuse and certainly no defense in Court.
The Bottom Line, Win-At-All-Costs Dysfunctional Sports Community including School Boards, School Officials, Fans, Media, Parents, Sports Medicine Doctors, High School and University Athletic Associations and Federations etc. have not included Child Protection, Supervision and Abuse Law into Educational Certification courses.
Former Penn State head football “Coach Joe Paterno seriously faulted” in the Coach Jerry Sandusky tragedy that found Sandusky guilty on 48 counts of Child Sexual abuse. The self investigation of Penn State notes that University President Graham Spanier, Senior Vice President Gary Schultz and Athletic Director Tim Curley altered their decision to report the sexual abuse crimes after a meeting with the head coach Paterno who died in January 2012, two months after the story broke.
[By Allie Grasgreen : http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/07/13/freeh-report-faults-penn-state-athletics-culture#ixzz20Vl35J8o Inside Higher Ed]
“Parens Patriae” Doctrine Grants Power and Authority of the State to protect minor Children, age less than 18, and other persons who are legally unable to protect themselves.
The Etymology of “Parens Patriae” is from Latin meaning Government is “Parent of the Nation”
“Parens Patriae” doctrine is the legal framework for theSpecial Standard of Child Care
◙ In U.S., the State is the “Supreme Guardian” of all Children
◙ If Parents, Guardians and Substitute Caretakers such as Coaches are Unable, Unwilling or Fail to Protect their Children or other Children when they are in the custody and control of Substitute Caretakers like Coaches
◙ The Government will Protect Child Safety and ensure proper Child Care
◙ The State has the power / authority to take action to Protect the Child from harm. [46.]
◙ Tripartite Relationship = PARENT + CHILD + STATE
◙ “Parens Patriae” Balances the Rights and Responsibilities among Parents-Child-State as guided by Federal Laws
Same Tripartite Relationship exists for the Coach
Coach-Caretaker + Child-Athlete + State
◙ It is Permissible for the Coach-Caretaker to use His/Her Methods of Coaching children in Sports, Recreation and Exercise (SRE)
◙ Providing the Coach complies with the Special Standards of Care issued by State for a Child
◙ The Tripartite Coach-Caretaker + Child-Athlete + State Relationship is In Effect during Practices, Camps, Over-Nights, Travel Teams, Closed Practices. (These are the “Be Vigilant for Parents and Guardians Venues”)
◙ For Children the Supreme Power of the State is in Effect On Every inch of Ground, Every Second of Time
in the United States and around the entire World