POSITIVE OUTCOMES FROM SPORTS PARTICIPATION

“Mahoney suggested that participation in voluntary, school-based, extracurricular activities increases school participation and achievement because it facilitates:

(a) the acquisition of interpersonal skills and positive social norms
(b) membership in prosocial peer groups
(c) stronger emotional and social connections to one’s school.

In turn, these assets should increase mental health, school engagement, school achievement, and long-term educational outcomes and should decrease participation in problem behaviors, provided that problem behaviors are not endorsed by the peer cultures that emerge in these activities.” [Mahoney et al]

“Participation in extracurricular and service learning activities has also been linked to increases in interpersonal competence, self-concept, high school grade point average (GPA), school engagement, and educational aspirations” [Elder & Conger, 2000; Marsh & Kleitman, 2002; Youniss, McLellan, & Yates, 1999], as well as to higher educational achievement, better job quality, more active participation in the political process and other types of volunteer activities, continued sport engagement, and better mental health during young adulthood [Barber, Eccles, & Stone, 2001; Glancy, Willits, & Farrell, 1986; Marsh, 1992; Youniss, McLellan, Su, & Yates, 1999]

Sports participation has been linked to lower likelihood of school dropout and higher rates of college attendance, particularly for low achieving and blue-collar male athletes (Gould & Weiss, 1987; Marsh & Kleitman, 2003; McNeal, 1995).

These studies provide good evidence that participating in extracurricular activities is associated with both short and long term indicators of positive development including school achievement and educational attainment. Some of these relations hold even after the other obvious predictors of such outcomes are controlled–giving us some confidence that these effects do not just reflect the selection factors that lead to participation in the first place.[Extracurricular activities and adolescent development. Journal of Social Issues, December 22, 2003, Eccles, Jacquelynne S.; Barber, Bonnie L.; Stone, Margaret; Hunt, James]

“How young people spend their time outside of school has consequences for their development.” Organized extracurricular activities, after-school programs, and youth organization have significantly escalated. Research reveals positive outcomes “of participation for academic, educational, social, civic, and physical development”.

Combining this with the potential for safety and supervision provided by organized activities while parents are working has increased local, state, and Federal authorities to increase these opportunities.

However, there is concern that these organized activities have become excessive for youth. “Over-scheduling” is thought to result from pressure from adults (parents, coaches, teachers) to achieve and attain long-term educational and career goals.
Others say the increase in these activities and outside pressures contribute to poor youth psychosocial adjustment and to undermine their relationships with parents and the function of the family circle

The study attemped to resolve the question. The result:

“(1) The primary motivations for participation in organized activities are intrinsic (e.g., excitement and enjoyment, to build competencies, and to affiliate with peers and activity leaders). Pressures from adults or educational/career goals are seldom given as reasons for participation;”

“(2) American youth average about 5 hours/week participating in organized activities. At any given time, roughly 40% of young people in the US do not participate in organized activities and those who do typically spend less than 10 hours/week participating. Many alternative leisure activities (e.g., educational activities, playing games, watching television) consume as much or considerably more time. However, a very small subgroup of youth (between 3 and 6 percent) spends 20 or more hours/week participating;”

(3) “Youth who participate demonstrate healthier functioning on such indicators ranging from academic achievement, school completion, post secondary educational attainment, psychological adjustment, and lowered rates of smoking and drug use, to the quantity and quality of interactions with their parents.

(4) Very high levels of involvement in organized activity participation (e.g., 20 or more hours/week), adjustment appeared more positive than, than youth who did not participate.

Participation is associated with positive developmental outcomes. for most youth. “The well-being of youth who do not participate in organized activities is reliably less positive compared to youth who do participate.”
[Organized Activity Participation, Positive Youth Development,
and the Over-Scheduling Hypothesis, Joseph L. Mahoney, Angel L. Harris, and Jacquelynne S. Eccles, Volume XX, Number IV, Social Policy Report, 2006]
_________________________________________________________________

Balance, moderation, time management, appropriate parental support and proper Child Custodial Protection and Coaching Supervision and Athlete Safety First are necessary for Athlete-Centred Sports and Athlete Rights.

The negative outcomes of sports are the result of poor coaching, parental pressures and preventable, non-accidental sports injuries. [The Negative Effects of Youth Sports, Livestrong.com, Steve Silverman]

“Participation in organized sports provides an opportunity for young people to increase their physical activity and develop physical and social skills. However, when the demands and expectations of organized sports exceed the maturation and readiness of the participant, the positive aspects of participation can be negated.”

“The nature of parental or adult involvement can also influence the degree to which participation in organized sports is a positive experience for preadolescents. This updates a previous policy statement on athletics for preadolescents and incorporates guidelines for sports participation for preschool children. Recommendations are offered on how pediatricians can help determine a child’s readiness to participate, how risks can be minimized, and how child-oriented goals can be maximized.”

“To optimize the safety and benefits of organized sports for children and preadolescents and to preserve this valuable opportunity for young people to increase their physical activity levels, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the following:

1. Organized sports programs for preadolescents should complement, not replace, the regular physical activity that is a part of free play, child-organized games, recreational sports, and physical education programs in the schools. Regular physical activity should be encouraged for all children whether they participate in organized sports or not.

2. Pediatricians are encouraged to help assess developmental readiness and medical suitability for children and preadolescents to participate in organized sports and assist in matching a child’s physical, social, and cognitive maturity with appropriate sports activities.

3. Pediatricians can take an active role in youth sports organizations by educating coaches about developmental and safety issues, monitoring the health and safety of children involved in organized sports, and advising committees on rules and safety.
4. Pediatricians are encouraged to take an active role in identifying and preserving goals of sports that best serve young athletes.

5. Additional research and resources are needed to:
a. determine the optimal time for children to begin participating in organized sports;
b. identify safe and effective training strategies for growing and developing athletes;
c. educate youth sports coaches about unique needs and characteristics of young athletes; and
d. develop effective injury prevention strategies.”
[Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness, 2000-2001, Reginald L. Washington, MD, Chairperson, PEDIATRICS Vol. 107 No. 6 June 2001, pp. 1459-1462, AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS:Organized Sports for Children and Preadolescents, Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness and Committee on School Health]

_________________________________________________________________

SPORTS AND RECREATION FOR DISABLED CHILDREN

Physical activity, sports and recreation are universal languages and pastimes. Everyone understands their language and positive benefits. 3. 4. 5. 6.

The benefits from sports and recreation participation are universal for all children, including children with disabilities. Sports and recreation participation for disabled children and youth “promotes inclusion, minimizes deconditioning, optimizes physical functioning, and enhances overall well-being.” 1.

Disabled children who participate will improve social interaction, good health habits, diet, quality social relationships, economic growth and physical and mental well being. Regular exercise will reduce obesity, diabetes and heart disease to name only a few of the medical positive outcomes. 2.

“Despite these benefits, children with disabilities are more restricted in their participation, have lower levels of fitness, and have higher levels of obesity than their peers without disabilities.”

Pediatricians and parents may overestimate the risks and overlook the benefits of physical activity in children with disabilities. Each child’s participation must made after well informed parents consider children’s overall

• health status
• individual activity preferences
• safety precautions
• appropriate programs and equipment availability 1.

Even after parents understand the many benefits of children’s participations and are sold on sports and recreation activities, families must identify other family limitations and barriers, such as financial and societal obstacles to participation.

The cost for sports and recreation participation, including cheer, tumbling and gymnastics, is often cost-prohibitive. The family’s financial burden is often significantly greater than they have funds for the endeavor.

In addition, all hindrances need to be directly identified and addressed from the perspective of local, state, and federal laws such as Americans with Disabilities Act.
Some Camps ans Associations envision an alternative solution for the financial burden of cheer, tumbling and gymnastics participation for disabled, disadvantaged, indigent children, a health disparity population.

Thoughtfulness is aimed at caring for the development of the health and welfare of children and their potential can be enhanced through

• Philanthropy
• State and federal grants

These two resources are crucial. Private philanthropic initiatives and state and federal grants for children’s good, that focus on disabled children’s quality of life, are ancient traditional global initiatives. Philanthropy and grants are fundamental humanist core values.

Every disabled child is important and unique, Each child deserves to be treated fairly with compassion and humanity. The cooperation of all people are necessary for disabled children’s health, welfare, development, human rights, peace and justice.

“Pediatricians are urged to promote the participation of all children with disabilities in competitive and recreational sports and physical activities. The benefits are substantial.” 1.

References
1. Promoting the Participation of Children With Disabilities in Sports, Recreation, and Physical Activities by Nancy A. Murphy, MD, Paul S. Carbone, MD and the Council on Children With Disabilities PEDIATRICS Vol. 121 No. 5 May 2008, pp. 1057-1061 (doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0566)
2. Athlete Safety 1st, Micheal B. Minix, Sr., M.D.
3. Education.com; The Benefits of Team Sports; Lucy Rector Filppu
4. “The Sunday Times”; All Together Now — The Unifying Power of Sports; Simon Barnes; July 2007
5. UN News Centre: UN Envoy Stresses Role of Sports as Unifying Force Among Nations, Peoples; June 2008
6. “L.A. Times”; Sports Show the Power to Unify; Diane Pucin; February 2010

THE 4 R’S OF COACHING

RESPECT, RESPONSIBILITY, RELATIONSHIP RECOGNITION

I. Respect

Coaches have a duty for the protection, safety, health, care, welfare and Human Rights of their Athletes. They should have a devotion-to and the highest regard for the humanity of their Athletes. Coaches are to regard and recognize the human dignity of their players. Coaches must pay attention, be compassionate recognize Athletes’ human value. Coaches should be considerate of players and athletes by treating them as humans. Coaches should dutifully respect the human life of their Athletes.

“Do unto others as you would want others to do unto you.”

Primum non nocere - “First do no harm to human life.”

II. Responsibility

Coaches have an obligation of oversight for the Physical, Psychological (Emotional) well being of their Athletes during the administration of their coaching duties. Coaches must develop and implement responsible coaching policies and standards of Safety 1st.

Coaches are accountable and hold an important position and Fiduciary duty of Trust by the players and athletes. Coaches have a designated authority for the proper care of their players and athletes.

The Core of Coaching is Trust.

III. Relationships

Coaches should develop a positive relationship with their Athletes and develop an excellent level of mutual understanding and trust with good interpersonal communication.

Devoting time for each player and athlete, the Coach will develop a positive relationship learning about each Athlete’s Ambitions, Abilities and Skills. Coaches develop a positive relationship by taking a personal interest with plans and techniques for each Athlete’s individualized improvement of play.

IV. Recognition

Coaches should acknowledge and recognize Athletes when they accomplish their goals and execute their performance plans well. Special one-on-one notice and complementary attention to the Athlete will enhance the trust for the Coach and motivate the Athlete. A pat on the back or the butt goes a long way.

COACHING ATHLETE SAFETY 1ST

There are POSITIVE IMPACTS AND EFFECTS ON ATHLETES FROM SPORTS PARTICIPATION:
• School-Based Voluntary Participation in Extracurricular Sports and Activities produces the following positive impacts on Athletes:
1. ↑ School Participation
2. ↑ Achievement
• Because Extracurricular Sports facilitates:
(a) interpersonal skills
(b) positive social norms
(c) membership in prosocial peer groups
(d) stronger emotional and social connections to school.

Additional POSITIVE IMPACTS and EFFECTS ON ATHLETES FROM SPORTS PARTICIPATION are:
• ↑ mental health
• ↑ school engagement
• ↑ school achievement
• ↑ long-term educational outcomes
• ↓ problem behaviors [Mahoney et al]
• ↑ Interpersonal competence
• ↑ Concept of Self
• ↑ High school grade point average (↑GPA),
• ↑ School engagement and educational aspirations”
[Elder & Conger, 2000; Marsh & Kleitman, 2002; Youniss, McLellan & Yates, 1999]
• ↓School dropout
• ↑ Rates of college attendance, particularly for low achieving and blue-collar male athletes
[Gould & Weiss, 1987; Marsh & Kleitman, 2003; McNeal, 1995]
• Extracurricular Sports and Activities Participation
• ↑ Developmental outcomes and impacts on youth
• The Outcomes on the Well-Being of Youth who do not participate in Organized Activities and Sports is less than the Outcomes of Youth who do participate in Organized Activities and Sports
[Organized Activity Participation, Positive Youth Development, and the Over-Scheduling Hypothesis, Joseph L. Mahoney, Angel L. Harris, and Jacquelynne S. Eccles, Volume XX, Number IV, Social Policy Report, 2006]

NOT SO FAST. POSITIVE EFFECTS, IMPACTS and ABSOLUTE SAFETY ARE NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE
• Lets; Try to explain why we now have the Epidemic of Athlete Injuries/Deaths?
• Has Conventional Wisdom about the Positive Effects of Sports Now Changed?
• Are there also Negative Effects and Impacts of Sports Participation?
• Why are Child and Youth Athletes
►“VULNERABLE, HEALTH DISPARITY POPULATION”?
• Injury Statistics support “Health Disparity Model”

WHAT IS IT ABOUT SPORTS NOW?
• That Causes Catastrophic, Preventable, Non-Accidental Injuries and Deaths
• To Child/Youth Athletes
• To Children/Youth We Are Legally/Morally Required To Protect
• During Preseason
• During Practice
• Most Injuries and Deaths are Not During the Game
• Injured During Conditioning Exercise
• Injured During Practice/Conditioning often Months Prior to Season
• Maxim: Nowadays ↑Sport Participation, Physical Activity
DO NOT Always ↑Athletes’ Health, Quality of Life

RESEARCH FOUND ► CONTRADICTION PAST CONVENTIONAL WISDOM
• Past Conventional wisdom was that ►
↑ Sport Participation, ↑ Physical Activity
= ↑ Enhancement Health, ↑ Quality of Life
Now SPORT PARTICIPATION
≠ ↑ATHLETE HEALTH and WELFARE
• Evidence now Indicates ↑ Sports Participation
≠ “Not Always Healthful or Beneficial Athlete Outcomes”
[The Social Determinants of Athletes’ Health: Understanding the Relationship between Health and High Performance Sport Parissa Safai -SRG 2006 Harvey, J., White, P., Sports Research Institute]

The Existence of Many different types of Disparities and Inequalities among populations such as Health Disparities and Inequalities (Morbidity and Mortality), and their Abnormal Behavioral Risk Determinants, Reasons and Causes are persistent throughout Society.

Selected Specific Health Risk Determinants, Reasons and Causes are difficult to target without including other factors. Often they are interrelated with Abnormal Social and Behavioral Determinants, Reasons and Causes and other factors i.e. outcomes by sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, disability status and geography.

“Insufficient evidence exists regarding effectiveness of particular interventions in reducing specific disparities among certain defined populations.”
[Truman et al, Rationale for Regular Reporting on Health Disparities and Inequalities, United States Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) January 14, 2011 ]

Coaching with Athlete Safety 1st is an effort to define the complex Sports Participation Health Disparities of Athletes i.e. Diseases, Injuries, and Deaths (Morbidity and Mortality) Disparities and recommend intervention strategies or RISK MAMAGEMENT

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS, REASONS AND CAUSES OF POOR HEALTH ARE “SOCIATAL RISK CONDITIONS”
• From the Strict Standard Definition they are
• Economic Living Risk Conditions that affect the Risk of Disease, Injury and Death
• Social Living Risk Conditions affect the Risk of Disease, Injury and Death
Social Determinants and Risks of Health
• Are the Economic and Social Conditions that shape the health of individuals, communities, and jurisdictions as a whole. [Raphael (2008)]
• Economic and Social Conditions are the primary Determinants and Risks of whether individuals stay healthy or become ill
• Economic and Social Conditions also determine the extent to which a person possesses the physical, social, and personal resources to identify and achieve personal aspirations,
• also satisfy needs, and cope with the environment (a broader definition of health).
• are about the quantity and quality of a variety of resources that a society makes available to its members.”
["Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health World Health Organization 2008 Report]

WHO, THE WORLD HEATLH ORGANIZATION: SOCIAL DETERMINANTS and RISKS OF HEALTH
• WHO Included a Wider World Society Definition of Determinants, Risks, Reasons and Causes than the heretofore standard definition
• Included are the Determinants, Risks, Reasons and Causes that Impact Children/Youth Recreational Activities
• Would Include Children/Youth Sports
• Coaching Athlete Safety 1st leads to:
• ↓ Reduction in the Determinants, Risks, Reasons and Causes of Poor Health during Sports Participation (mbmsrmd using the WHO Model):
• ↑ Social Cohesion
• ↑ Social Interaction
• ↑ Physical and Recreational Participation
• ↓ Risk of Disease or Injury
• ↑ Health Impact of Early Childhood Development and Education
• ↑ Good Health Habits, Education and Recreation
• ↑ Good Health Habits ↑ Eating ,↑ Exercising and ↓Smoking
• ↑ Social Cohesion in the Wider World Sports Society
• ↑ Quality of Social Relationships, a Positive Impact of Sports
• ↑ Quality of Social Interactions, a Positive Impact of Sports
• ↓ Alcohol, Drugs, Tobacco
• ↑ Good Diet
• ↑ Economic Growth
• ↑ Exercise reduces Obesity, Diabetes, Heart Disease
• ↑ Regular Exercise is Protects Life
• ↓ Social Isolation
• ↑ Beneficial Holistic Health
• Holistic Health is the Field of Medicine where all aspects of people’s Psychological, Physical and Social Requirements are taken into account and seen as a whole.
• [Social Determinants of Health, the Solid Facts, 2nd Ed. World Health Organization, Wilkerson and Marmot 2003]

“HEALTH DISPARITY POPULATION”; RISKS, DETERMINANTS, REASONS AND CAUSES FOR THE HEALTH DISPARITY, INEQUALITY
• Definition: “Health disparity population” in H.R. Bill 3590 (Merged Senate Bill) defined in Public Health Service Act (PHSA) Section 485E (Sec. 931) Current Law:
• “Significant Disparity: Overall Rate Increase or Prevalence Increase of Disease, Injury and Death Incidence,
• Decrease in Disease, Injury and Death (Morbidity, Mortality), Survival Rates in a Population
• Compared to the Health Status of the General Population,
• Disparity and Inequality in the Populations Quality, Outcomes, Cost or Use of Health Care Services
• Disparity and Inequality in Access-To or Satisfaction-With such services as compared to the general population.” (PHSA Sec. 485E)

CHILD (<18) / YOUTH (15-24) AMATEUR ATHLETES are a GLOBAL, SUSCEPTABLE, VULNERABLE, “HEALTH DISPARITY POPULATION”

CHILD AND YOUTH AMATEUR ATHLETE INJURY STATISTICS VALIDATE “HEALTH DISPARITY”
• Child / Youth Athletes are Vulnerable and Susceptible to Physical and Emotional Endangerment and Mistreatment that Results in Injuries and/or Death and Sexual Abuse
• Sports-related injury visits to emergency departments were more frequent for persons five to 24 years of age (Children <18 + Youth 15-24).
• Child and Youth Athletes represented 2/3 (66.67%) of the total amount of Sports Injury Visits [CDC March 2001]
• 8,000 Athletes < 18 YO Treated Daily In U.S. Emergency Departments
• Average 160 Athletes per State / Day in ER’s ; If all states had equal populations
• 75,200,000 U.S. Children <18 YO in 2010. 9.
• ~20,000,000 U.S. Children 6 -18 played organized, Non-School Amateur Sport
• ~25,000,000 played organized School Amateur Sports
• .: ~45,000,000 (~60%) U.S. Children played one School or Non-School Amateur Sport in 2010.10
• 1 in 10 Child Athletes Injured, Experts Say 12.
• 50% of Child Athlete Injuries are Preventable, Non-Accidental – NIH 12.
• .: 4,500,000 Child Athletes Injured yearly @10%
• .: 2,250,000 Child Athletes Yearly At Risk Preventable, Not-Accidental Injuries or
• CHILD ATHLETE ABUSE SYNDROME (CAAS) @50% of 4,500,000
Example: EMERGENCIES FOR HEAT ILLNESS

CHILD and YOUTH FOOTBALL ATHLETES ARE A “HEALTH DISPARITY”, INEQUALITY POPULATION COMPARED TO OTHER POPULATIONS
• Estimated 5,946 persons were treated in U.S. Emergency Departments yearly for Heat Illness
• 2 most common activities for heat related illness ED visits were Football and exercise
• The most common activities leading to Emergency Department visits for Heat Illness for all ages male/female were Child/Youth Football 24.7%
• Males <14 – Football, Baseball/Softball, Basketball, Exercise, Track/Field
• Males 15-19 – Football, Basketball, Exercise, Baseball/Softball, Racquet Sports
• Females <14 – Baseball/Softball, Exercise, Track/Field, Soccer, Swimming
• Females 15-19 – Track/Field, Exercise, Baseball/Softball, Soccer, Gymnastics
• All Heat Illnesses are Preventable
• Not Accidental
The Implications for Public Heath Practice and an Athlete Safety Medical Specialist are Special Prevention messages should target the Athletes at greatest Risk and their Coaches and Parents. The Message:
• Coaches of Sports should schedule frequent rest breaks
• Schedule frequent Water Breaks
• Encourage ↑ fluid consumption when hot, humid
• ↑ Acclimation Principles: gradually ↑ Drills frequency, duration, intensity
[Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) vol. 60, no. 29, July 29, 2011, Centers for Disease Control (CDC)]

WHEN POSITIVE EFFECTS OF SPORTS PARTICIPATION TURN NEGATIVE AND ADVERSARIAL
• Unfortunately Sports Participation occasionally concludes with the Worst Disaster in Sports: ► Greatest Loss Serious is the Athlete Injury and/or Death from Dangerous Coaching Risks, Determinants, Reasons and Causes.
• Coaching Risks, Determinants, Reasons and Causes result in:
► Medical-Legal Problems
► Anger, Hostility, Opposition of All Concerned Parties
► Conflict among Athlete, Coach, Doctor, Law/Attorney
• Many Sports Participation Forensic, Medical-Legal Problems are 2° to Abnormal Coaching Behaviors and Dangerous Risks taken

• Worst Disaster, Greatest Loss, Athlete Serious Injury and/or Death from Dangerous Coaching Risks result in:
► Athlete, Family, Doctor, Coach Interaction with Law/Attorney
► Society, Athlete Community, Family Predicament:
• After Positive Effects of Sports were Jeopardized
► Positive Effects of Sports Converted
a. Injury and/or Funeral Management
b. Not Preventative Risk Management
c. Negative Adversarial Conflict
• Worst Disaster, Greatest Loss, Athlete Serious Injury and/or Death from Dangerous Coaching Risks

NEGATIVE RISKS, DETERMINANTS, REASONS, CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF SPORTS PARTICIPATION RESULT FROM:
1. Enormous Growth of the Sports Industry
►Money “Root of all Evil” ►Every Evil Money can buy
►Media, Conference, League, Association Monopoly
►Growth Outgrown number Qualified Coaches
►Poor Coaching
►Preventable/Not-Accidental Sports Injuries/Death
2. Parental Pressures for Athlete Success. Some Parents make a deal with the devil for Success, Fame, Glory, Living-Thru their Athlete, Money
3. Society ►”Win-At-All-Costs” especially
4. Sports Community ►”Win-At-All-Costs”
5. Bottom Lines ►”Money Talks” Pressure
[The Negative Effects of Youth Sports. Steve Silverman Livestrong.com]
• Lack of Awareness and Education about
• Athlete Human Rights, Safety, Protection, Supervision, Health, Care and Welfare
• Poor Recognition and Accountability of
• Governments, Criminal Justice Systems
• Health and Human Rights Departments
• National and International Sports Federations and Associations
• Sports Medicine Departments

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF SPORTS PARTICIPATION RESULT FROM SOCIAL RISKS, DETERMINANTE, REASON, CAUSES
• Sub-Standard Education of Athletes/Families
• Human and Civil Rights Violations: Vulnerable Child/Youth Athletes, Parents, Guardians unaware of Athlete Rights
• Safety and Protection Violations: Child/Youth Athletes, Parents, Guardians unaware Entitled to Safety, Abuse and Violence protection
• Lack Healthcare services
• Stressful Environment
• No Parent/Guardian Employment
• Parent/Guardian Unemployment
• Poor Family Working Conditions
• Dismal Family Income Distribution
• No Food Security
• No Housing Security
Socioeconomic Relations
1. Social Exclusion From Communities / Societies
2. Poor Social Safety Nets against Lost Job, Misfortune
3. Marginalized populations
Minorities
Immigrants
Disabled Athletes

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF SPORTS PARTICIPATION RESULT FROM COACH-ATHLETE POWER GAP
• Zabernism: misuse of power by Authority i.e. Coach
• Bulling Coach is a form of Zabernism
• Some Coaches actually “recruit” Athletes who are disadvantaged, minorities so they can manipulate and control all activities
• Some ‘Old-Timer” Coaches coined the term “Lesser Player”, the Athlete they can Totally Control because disadvanted
• “Lesser Player” Playes Sports out of Fear of Returning to Poverty
• Totalitarian Coach and micromanages every Athlete movement and moment
• Power Gap between Coach and Disadvantaged, Minority Athlete
• Widened by the Lack of an Athlete’s Power.
• Powerful Coach-Powerless Athlete are in the center of the Comprehensive Model of Athlete Serious Injury and Death from Coaching Endangerment, Maltreatment and Abuse
• Some Coaches misuse their authority and endanger athletes with Physical and Emotional injuries from Negligent Coaching Protection and Supervision
• Some Coach Predators Sexually Abuse their Athletes

AMATEUR ATHLETE HUMAN RIGHTS DISORDERS 2° UNQUALIFIED COACHES, ESPECIALLY AMATEUR, VOLUNTER, NON-PAID, NON-SCHOOL COACHES
• SOME INSTANCES OF DEFICIENT KNOWLEDGE
• Education and Awareness about
• Sports Psychology
• Human Growth Development
• Coaching Fundamentals
• Safety Fundamentals
• Exercise and Conditioning Instruction
• 911 Emergency Action Plan
• Never played the sport they Coach
• Not High School Graduate; Not College Graduate
• Coercive, Intimidating, Strong-arm, Violent, Bully Plowline Coach
• No Background Check
• Not Certified

AMATEUR ATHLETE HUMAN RIGHTS DISORDERS 2° TO UNLAWFUL COACHING BEHAVIOR
• Lack of Education and Awareness
• Child Athlete Abuse Syndrome, “A New Disease”
1. Failed Child and Youth Athlete Safety, Health, Care, Welfare
2. Child and Youth Athlete Physical, Psychological (Emotional) and Sexual Abuse
3. Failed Child and Youth Custodial Protection
4. Negligent Coaching Care-Giving Supervision
• Breach of Trust, the Fiduciary Coach-Athlete Relationship
• Over-Training Exercise , Over-Use Conditioning
• Exploitation
• Human Growth and Development Deprivation
• Doping and Medical Ethics
• Child Labor
• Discrimination

CHILD ATHLETE ABUSE SYNDROME (CAAS) “A NEW DISEASE” 2° TO UNLAWFUL COACHING BEHAVIOR
• Definition of Child Athlete Abuse Syndrome (CAAS)
• Short Title
• Clustering Serious Pathologies, Injuries and/or Deaths
• Child (<18) or Youth (15 to 24) Athlete
• Physical Endangerment, Maltreatment and/or Abuse
• Psychological (Emotional) Endangerment Maltreatment and/or Abuse
• Sexual Abuse
• Failed Improper Child Custodial Protection
• Negligent Coaching Care-Giving Supervision
• That was Inflicted, Caused, Created,
or Allowed To Be Inflicted, Caused, Created,
Directly or Indirectly
• By the Coach

CHILD ATHLETE ABUSE SYNDROME “A NEW DISEASE” 2° TO UNLAWFUL COACHING BEHAVIOR: IMPROPER SPORTS PARTICIPATION
• In Drastically Different Outside Environmental Conditions, New Era
• Global Warming, Heat Waves
• Humidity
• Air Pollution
• Inside Environmental Conditions: Bad Equipment
• Over-Training Exercise, Overuse Conditioning
• Emotional Stress, Pressures, Punishments
• All are Coach Managed Responsibilities

CHILD ATHLETE ABUSE SYNDROME “A NEW DISEASE” 2° IMRPOPER ENVIRONMENTAL ACCLIMATION
• Hasty Maximum Athlete Sports Participation before proper Acclimation
• Today’s Athletes are Non-Acclimated
• Child < 18 and Youth 15-24 Athletes
• Obese
• Sedentary
• Indoor
• Electronic Focused
• Electronic Absorbed

BREACH OF TRUST: BREACH OF THE COACH-ATHLETE FIDUCIARY RELATIONSHIP, UNLAWFUL COACHING BEHAVIOR
• Fiduciary: someone who has undertaken to act for and on behalf of another in circumstances which give rise to a relationship of trust and confidence. [Bristol & West Building Society v Mothew [1998] Ch 1 at 18 per Lord Millett]
• “Fiduciary duty is the highest standard of care at either equity or law”
• “Fiduciary must not put his personal interests before the duty to the principal”
• “Must not profit from his position as a fiduciary”
• “Otherwise there might result a breach of that fiduciary duty”
• Fiduciary Relationship “one founded on trust or confidence placed by one person in the integrity and fidelity of another”
• “Fiduciary Duty: to act primarily for the client’s benefit in matters connected with the undertaking and not for the fiduciary’s own personal interest. [Wikipedia]
• “Scrupulous good faith and candor are always required. Fiduciaries must always act in complete fairness and may not ever exert any influence or pressure, take selfish advantage, or deal with the client in such a way that it benefits themselves or prejudices the client.” [Black's Law Dictionary]
• Youth Athletes are extremely reliant on universities, colleges, Olympic and other officials and Coaches
• Extremely reliant on powerful, highly compensated Coaches who are particularly powerful over Athletes
• There is a Fiduciary Relationship and a Power Gap between those in charge and the Youth Athlete
• Those in charge of Youth Athletes are in Power
• Many College Athletes don’t sincerely want an education and don’t play for the love of the game; Play out of Fear of Poverty
• College Football, Basketball, Olympic Athletes most Vulnerable Athletes
• Many Athletes attend College with hopes of turning Pro
• These Athletes are the most dependent on the Fiduciary Duties, most susceptible, defenseless in the Power Gap

AMATEUR ATHLETE HUMAN RIGHTS DISORDER 2° TO POOR ACCOUNTABILITY OF INDIVIDUALS AND SYSTEMS IN CRISIS (SURGEON GENERAL 2005)
• Governments, Criminal Justice Systems,
• Health and Human Services Departments,
• National and International Sports Federations and Associations, Sports Medicine Departments
• Dysfunctional Sports Community
• Win-At-All-Costs Bottom Line
• School Boards, School Officials, Athletic Directors, Coaches
• Attorneys
• Doctors
• Parents

COACHES MUST STRIVE FOR ATHLETE CENTERED SPORTS AND RIGHTS SYSTEM
• Sports Participation requires:
• Behavioral Balance
• Behavioral Training, Exercise, Moderation
• Time Management, “More is not Better”
• Appropriate Parental Support
• Proper Child Custodial Protection
• Proper Coaching Supervision
• Placing Athlete Safety First
• All necessary for Athlete Centered Sports and Human Rights System

COACHES MUST STRIVE FOR EDUCATION AND AWARENESS ABOUT CHILD AND YOUTH AMATEUR ATHLETE FORENSIC MEDICAL PATHOLOGY
• Forensic Medicine AKA Legal Medicine, Medical Jurisprudence
• Definition: Branch of Medicine
• Application of Medical Knowledge
• To Legal Problems and Legal Proceedings Following Child and Youth Athletes who incur serious Injury or Death 2° to:
• Human Rights Violations
• CAAS: Physical and/or Psychological (Emotional) Endangerment, Maltreatment and/or Abuse, Sexual Abuse
• CAAS: Negligent Protection and/or Negligent Coaching Supervision

CHILD and YOUTH AMATEUR ATHLETE FORENSIC MEDICINE HAS 2 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES:
Principle 1. Child and Youth Amateur Athletes sustain Serious Injury and/or Death from Abnormal Coaching Behaviors when the Coach inflicts, causes, creates or allows to be inflicted, caused or created:
• Human Rights Violations
• Physical Endangerments, Maltreatments, Abuse
• Psychological (Emotional) Endangerments, Maltreatments, Abuse
• Sexual Abuse
Principle 2. Coach is at Risk from these Abnormal Coaching Behaviors for both:
▪ Criminal Prosecution
• Civil Litigation

COACHES MUST KNOW ABOUT CHILD and YOUTH AMATEUR ATHLETE HUMAN RIGHTS
• Right to non-discrimination 2
• Right to the Principles of the Best Interests of the Child 3
• Right to be provided appropriate direction and guidance 5
• Right of Child and Youth Development 6
• Right to an identity and nationality 7
• Right not to be separated from their parents 9
• Right to have their views taken into account 12
• Freedom of Expression and Association 13 15
• Protection of privacy 16
• Right to access appropriate information 17
• Protection from Physical, Psychological, and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and other forms of Violence 19
• Right to Health 24
• Right to Education 28 29
• Right to rest, leisure, recreation and cultural activities 31
• Right to be protected from economic exploitation 32
• illegal drugs 33
• sexual exploitation 34
• abduction, trafficking, and sale 35
• other forms of exploitation 36
• Right to benefit from Rehabilitation Care 39
• Right to Due and Fair Process 40
• [Numbers refer to the Treaty Section 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child]

EXAMPLES OF CHILD AND YOUTH AMATEUR ATHLETE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
• Failed Athlete Human Rights, Safety, Health, Care, Welfare
• Physical, Psychological Endangerment, Maltreatment resulting in Injury and/or Death
• Sexual Abuse
• Failed Child and Youth Custodial Protection and Negligent Coaching Care-Giving Supervision
• Breach of Fiduciary Coach-Athlete Responsibility
• Over-Use Exertion and Exercising / Over-Training
• Discrimination
• Exploitation
• Human Growth and Development Deprivation
• Doping and Medical Ethics
• Child Labor

SURGEON GENERAL 2005 DECLARED ALL CATEGORIES OF CHILD ABUSE AND THEIR PREVENTION A NATIONAL PRIORITY
• All Forms of Child Abuse
• In Every Venue, Including Sports and Coach Offenders
• U.S. Surgeon General Recommended a Prevention Method: Implementation of Public Health Innovations

CHILD-CENTRED SPORT SYSTEM HAS 10 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
• Equity, non-discrimination, fairness
• Best interest of the child, children first
• Evolving capacities of the child
• Subject of Rights, exercise of Rights
• Consultation, the child’s opinion, informed participation
• Appropriate direction and guidance
• Mutual respect, support and responsibility
• Highest attainable standard of health
• Transparency, accountability, monitoring
• Excellence
[Human Rights in Youth Sport by Paulo David, Secretary on Rights of the Child, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations]

NO ONE IS ABOVE THE LAW, INCLUDING THE COACH
• All Citizens Serve United States Rule of Law
• Coaching Behaviors can put the Coach in the Front Yard of Society one week
• and the Top of The Stairs of the Court House the next
• Ignorance of Child and Youth Amateur Athlete Human Rights and Child Protection and Supervision Rules of Law are no Excuse and no Court Defense.
• Coaches and Teachers directly Responsible Unlawful Behavior
• Coaches and Teachers and all Citizens are not immune or Safe from Criminal Law
• Coach must Know Child Protection Law: Be Proactive

COACH CAN BE CHARGED WITH THE CRIME
• Coaches are like the Football player, who crosses the Goal Line with the Ball, Gets Credit for TD
• Coaches who Crosses the Crime Line
• Pushes and Punishes Athletes beyond their Physical and Psychological Limits
►Gets Credit for the Crime; Charged with Crime
• Punishment will Fit the Crime
• Coaches and others were targeted as potential Abusers and Perpetrators by the Surgeon General [Surgeon General's Workshop on Making Prevention of Child Maltreatment a National Priority: Implementing Innovations of a Public Health Approach
Bethesda, Maryland March 30–31, 2005]
• Coaches who Cross Crime Line Gets Charged with Crime
• • Whether Coaches ignored, overlooked Rules of Law
• • Did not know Rules of Law
• • Violations were Intentional or Willful
• Coach gets Blamed and Criminal Charge for the Unlawful Behavior
• Unfortunately, Criminal Law Enforcement and Charges are Most Important Deterrent to Bad Coaching Behavior
• Crimes against Children and Youth in Sports Have Been and Will Be Disciplined, Penalized, Punished, Prosecuted
• Coaches must be Pro-Active. Know Child/Youth Protection Law

COACHES HAVE NO IMMUNITY TO CIVIL SUIT
• No Official Immunity : “Negligence of Coaches is best left to a jury” properly instructed in accordance with KRS 411.182.(KY Supreme Court, Yanero/Coker)
• There will be allocation of fault for Coaches in tort actions. KRS 411.182.
• Court or jury shall answer interrogatories and make findings indicating:
• The amount of damages each claimant would be entitled to recover
• According to the Percentage of the total fault of all the defendant parties to each claim that is allocated to each claimant

COACH MUST BECOME PROACTIVE, EDUCATED AND AWARE
• Coaches
• Are Entrusted and Mandated with Child and Youth Athletes Safety, Custodial Protection and Care-Giving Supervision
• Practice Athlete Safety 1st
• Better Manage Coaching Risks with Education
• Don’t be Blind Sided with Child Protection Rules of Law
• Be Educated about Athlete Forensic Medicine
• Be totally Secure in Coaching Profession thru Knowledge and Awareness

RISK MANAGEMENT
• Risk Management begins with its Definition:
• The Identification of Risks, Detriments, Reasons and Causes
• Assessment of Risks, Detriments, Reasons and Causes
• Followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to
• minimize,
• monitor,
• and control the probability and impact of unfortunate events
• [Hubbard, Douglas (2009). The Failure of Risk Management: Why It's Broken and How to Fix It. John Wiley & Sons. p. 46.]
• Rank the Risks, Detriments, Reasons and Causes After Assessment
• Risks with greatest occurrence and
• Greatest Loss and Seriousness are handled - first
• Risks with least occurrence probability and
• Least loss and Seriousness are handled - last
• Develop and Action Plan
• “If it ain’t Broke don’t Fix it.”
► Instead ”Fix It Before It Aim’s To Break”
• Sports Participation can be Beneficial and Hazardous
• Risk and Safety Management Facilitate Successful and Efficient Sport Management and Participation
• Absolute Safety is Not Entirely Possible
But the Risk Management Endeavor should be to Ensure
1. Greatest Possible Degree of Safety Education and Awareness
2. Develop and apply Safety Policies
3. Consider all Potential Risks, Determinents, Reasons and Causes
4. Take as many Precautions as Possible;
5. Develop Working Strategy
6. Always Take Correct Safety Measures
[Risk Management in Sport: Issues and Strategies, Herb Appenzeller (Editor)2003] [Appenzeller, H. (1993). Managing sports and risk management strategies] [Appenzeller, H. (1999).Risk management in sport: issues and strategies]

CME CATEGORY II SELF DOCUMENTATION for DOCTORS, TRAINERS, HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS
• Physicians may self claim one (1) AMA PRA™ Category 2 Credit for each 60-minute hour engaged in the learning activity. Physicians may claim credit in 15 minute, or 0.25 credit increments, and round to the nearest quarter hour.
• Print this page. Complete the following questions for AMA PRA™ and State License Category 2 Credit. Retain this page in your CME Credits Folder
• Type of Activity: Study of Child and Youth Physical, Psychological and Sexual Athlete Abuse. Domestic Violence, the 10 B’s of Child Abuse
• Internet web site –
• http://www.cappaa.com athletesafety1st.com athletesafety1st.org
• Date(s) of Activity______________________________
• Range of Activity_______________________________
• Number of Category 2 Credits Claimed______________
• Physician Signature______________________________
• Category 2 credits are self-documented. Please keep this form in your personal CME file as record of your attendance and credits claimed.